Background: Dental caries is a chronic, multifactorial disease, with limited data available for the Egyptian population. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian children and adolescents in correlation with age, gender, body mass index, socioeconomic status, parental education, biological risk factors and dietary habits. Methods: A total number of 369 Egyptian children and adolescents (age ranges from 3-18 years) were examined over the period from 15th November 2017 to 13th January 2018. Socio-demographic data, oral hygiene measures and dietary habits for children were recorded. Dental status was analyzed using decayed, missing and filled tooth index (dmft) for deciduous dentition and (DMFT) index for permanent dentition. For mixed dentition (deft) index was used, d (decayed tooth indicated for filling), e (decayed tooth indicated for extraction) and f (filled tooth). Results: 74% of the children had dental caries with mean dmft: 3.23±4.07; deft: 4.21±3.21; DMFT: 1.04±1.56. In primary dentition, dmft of the children was positively correlated with age, beans, candies, crackers, chocolates and inversely correlated with gender, socio-economic status (SES), parental education, brushing frequency of the parent, brushing frequency of the parent to the child teeth, brushing frequency of the child and consumption of eggs, fruits/vegetables, milk and milk products. In mixed dentition, deft was positively correlated with candies, crackers, citric juices, while negatively correlated with age, SES, parental education, brushing frequency of the parent to the child, brushing frequency of the child, fruits/vegetables. In permanent dentition, DMFT in children was positively correlated with age and chocolates while not correlated with any of the remaining risk factors. Conclusion: The present study clarifies the significant risk factors associated with dental caries amongst Egyptian children. This will help in planning strategies to prevent and treat such disease.

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This study evaluated the effect of mechanical abrasion on the surface integrity, color change (ΔE) and antibacterial properties of demineralized and sound dentin surfaces treated with silver-diammine-fluoride (SDF). The dentin specimens were divided into two groups: sound and demineralized dentin, then divided into three sub-groups, control (no-treatment), SDF, and SDF + potassium-iodide (KI). Each sub-group was further divided into two groups, one exposed to mechanical brushing and the other without brushing. Specimens were analyzed for the ΔE, surface roughness/surface loss and antibacterial properties (CFU, optical density and fluorescent microscope). Repeated Measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of color change while one-way ANOVA was used for CFU analysis. SDF and SDI + KI groups showed significant reduction in ΔE with brushing in the sound dentin group unlike the demineralized group. The surface roughness values were higher for both SDF and SDF + KI groups but roughness values significantly decreased after brushing. Both SDF and SDF + KI groups revealed significantly less surface loss than control. The SDF group showed high anti-bacterial effect after brushing, unlike SDF + KI group. So, we concluded that mechanical brushing improved the esthetic outcome. While, SDF and SDF + KI could protect the dentin surface integrity. SDF-treated dentin possesses an antibacterial property even after mechanical brushing.

The effect of various pretreatments on the bonding of a resin cement to resin-composite CAD/CAM blocks (RCBs) was examined. The surface of dispersed-filler RCBs (DF-RCBs) and a polymer infiltrated ceramic network RCB (PICN-RCB) was roughened using hydrofluoric acid etching (HF) or sandblasting, and followed by silanization and/or universal adhesive (UA) application. Microtensile bond strength (µTBS), surface roughness parameters (arithmetical mean height (Sa); developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr)), and critical surface energy (γc) were determined. For most DF-RCBs, the highest µTBS was obtained using HF+UA. UA application to DF-RCBs resulted in similar or higher µTBS compared to silanization, which indicates that silane treatment is not crucial for DF-RCBs, especially after HF. In contrast, the highest µTBS to PICN-RCB was obtained with silanization. Both roughening pretreatments significantly increased the surface roughness parameters and the γc of all RCBs. The γc was positively correlated with Sa (r=0.756, p<0.001) and Sdr (r=0.837, p<0.001).

Clinical Relevance The degree of conversion of contemporary universal adhesives positively correlates with the bond strength to dentin. The correlation is more marked after thermocycling, suggesting that a high degree of conversion is required for long-term dentin bonding durability.

This study evaluated the effect of two hemostatic agents on bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) to root dentin after using different pretreatment solutions compared to resin composite with a 2-step self-etch adhesive. Dentin specimens were either uncontaminated or contaminated with a ferric sulphate or aluminum chloride astringent, RMGIC was applied after conditioning with; Cavity Conditioner, Self Conditioner or Clearfil SE Primer, while a resin composite was bonded using Clearfil SE Bond. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) values and failure modes were determined. Two-way ANOVA revealed that hemostatic agents did not significantly affect the RMGIC bond strength with any conditioning material (p>0.05). SE Primer pretreatment provided the highest μTBS values among RMGIC groups. For the resin composite, ferric sulphate astringent significantly reduced μTBS value (p≤0.001). Scanning electron micrographs of representative dentin surfaces contaminated with the hemostatic agents showed effects on smear layer removal and dentinal tubule occlusion.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the time elapsed bond strength of the CAD/CAM resin block (CRB) to bovine dentin after alumina blasting. CRB (KATANA AVENCIA BLOCK) slices were ground with #600-SiC paper and divided into three groups according to alumina blasting pressure-0.1 MPa, 0.2 MPa or untreated-and then divided into two subgroups according to the time elapsed after alumina blasting-same-day or one-week "dry-storage" at controlled laboratory conditions before cementation. The CRB slices were then cemented to bovine dentin with Panavia V5 (Kuraray Noritake Dental), and divided into two subgroups-light curing or chemical curing. After 24 h storage in distilled water at 37°C, the specimens were then subjected to micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) testing. One-week group showed a significant decrease in µTBS. The µTBS values showed that CRBs must be cemented with light curing immediately after alumina blasting at 0.1 or 0.2 MPa to obtain a stable adhesion.