This study was conducted to produce empirical evidence of validity and reliability of a set of questionnaire. Questionnaire drawn from the results of previous studies and the validity of the tests will determine whether all aspects of the construct domain were represented, thus ensuring the high objectivity level of the questionnaire. In addition, an alternative approach was used to assess the discriminant validity, using heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations. The study empirically proves that the questionnaire used is unchanged by culture. This is important because if not, its use will be restricted to a population in which the questionnaire was developed. The proposed method is better in which to enhance and improved the discriminant validity, using heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations. The results of the analysis in the measurement model indicated that the questionnaire meets the standards of reliability and construct validity.

The emerging of IR 4.0 has brought a massive change in the world of education. In facing IR 4.0, teachers today are urged to suit the process of teaching and learning. Hence, the teachers need to dominate the information technology because the new millennia students consist of z and alpha generation, who tend to utilize technology-based learning. Therefore, this study discusses how highly qualified teachers can cope with the current flow of revolution 4.0 according to current requirements. Findings show that high efficacy teachers in terms of student management, instructional strategies, and classroom management are willing to accept changes in teaching and learning. Besides, IR 4.0 has transformed the country’s educational landscape from traditional-based learning to technology-based learning. IR 4.0 has enormous implications for the country’s education system according to 21st-century learning needs.

The social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and Tweeter have robustly used in this new era of technology. Despite of the negative impacts imposed by social media related problems like ill health, hackers, and internet addiction, the usage of social media undeniably has implicated positivities in many ways. For instance, the usage of social media in digital business has proved to be effective in attracting the customers to buy the products or services offered. Thus, the usage of social media among young generation is seen as the best way to expose the young people to involve in business. This conceptual paper delibrates some benefits of using social media in digital business as the new way to develop start-up entrepreneur. By reviewing some literature, this paper attempts to explore the significance effect of using social media in triggering entrepreneurial intention among youngsters. The findings indicate that the early involvement in business using social media triggers entrepreneurial intention by intensifying their entrepreneurial knowledge. Ultimately, through the findings of this research, the authors aim to deliver the best way to cultivate entrepreneurial intention among young generation.

Perhentian Island is a renowned islands by the locals and the tourists around the world. The island receives a high number of tourists every year. The high number of tourism activities has influenced the English communication skills among the locals who are using their own local dialect as a medium of communication. Nevertheless, based on the school yearly assessment, the proficiency among the pupils in the one and only school in Perhentian Island did not show any significant effect. It has brought up the question of how much the tourism activities could influence the English proficiency of the pupils. This research investigated the pupils' willingness to communicate in English as a Second Language by applying the variables extracted from Theory Reason Action (TRA) and the variables from willingness to communicate (WTC). The respondents involved in this research (N=107) were the pupils at the Perhentian Island. The findings showed that the willingness of communication in L2 has influenced the pupils' attitude and behavior in using English language during the school hours. The results reveal that perceived attitude is the main factor that influenced pupils' readiness in Perhentian Island to communicate in English as a second language. The implications of the results and future research directions are also discussed.

Over the last two decades, a lack of mathematical communication (MC) skills has hampered elementary students' ability to comprehend mathematical content and solve mathematical problems. However, there are only a few articles that review the research patterns in MC among students in the early grades. Therefore, this paper offers a thorough and systematic overview of the research trend since 2020. This overview is useful for researchers because it provides a synthesis of available evidence and indicates in which directions further research should be directed. The first step is to search the Scopus database for documents in format. csv produces 34 articles. Five research themes emerged from the two-step analysis: publication trends, most cited papers, most published journals, top contributing countries, and methodological approaches. Because the subject is so important, it's essential to encourage collaborations between institutions that study MC and use the methods shown or more advanced ones across math content and student grade level.