Tootpaste was a product for dental care to clean, beautify and replace the minerals decay from the dent surface. To prevent the damage of the mineral layers on the surface, added the remineralitation compounds in the formula of the toothpaste. The remineralitation agents commonly add was CaCO3 and CaPO4, during the technological development the calcium compounds added was calcium in nano size like Hydroxyapatite (HAp). In this study produced the contains abrasive HAp and CaCO3 with the mix ratio  CaCO3, 50:50 (HAp:CaCO3) and HAp. The characterization to the toothpaste with CaCO3 abrasive showed the Calcium contains 21,10 ± 0,0577%; dispersibility 936,37 ± 39,42gcm/s; pH 8,3 ± 0,00; and viscosity 25 ± 0,00 P.a. The toothpaste with CaCO3:HAp (50:50) abrasive showed the Calcium contains 27,03 ± 0,0333%; dispersibility 931,93 ± 22,62gcm/s; pH 8,8 ± 0,00; and viscosity 27 ± 0,00 P.a. The toothpaste with HAp abrasive showed the Calcium contains 27,67 ± 0,0882%; dispersibility 987,33 ± 39,50gcm/s; pH 8,9 ± 0,00; and viscosity 27,5 ± 0,00 P.a. The contamination of microbiology did not found in all of the toothpastes along the storage. Based on the entire organoleptic test against the toothpastes, the formula of toothpaste with the mix of CaCO3:HAp was les liked.

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<p>Modern dressing techniques as open wound dressings are still effective and suitable for use, especially for people with open wounds such as ulcers, but they still have disadvantages, such as the high prices and need for other antibiotics to prevent inflammation. Previous studies reported an increase in the number of antibiotic resistance, which sparked the idea of producing new dressing materials that have strong antimicrobial and biocompatible properties. The material suitable for the idea of a wound dressing is chitosan biofilm because it has strong antibacterial properties and has a similar structure to the skin tissue. This study aims to produce chitosan biofilm using the deacetylation method using a strong base. The physicochemical characterization results of biofilms showed a deacetylation degree of 87.13 with a voltage of 1.15 ± 0.00 and a polycationic group of biofilms that appeared at a wavenumber of 2.1714 ± 0.0000 nm. From the measurement of the antibacterial power of chitosan biofilm against skin surface bacteria, the inhibition zone diameter was 18.93 ± 0.12; 19.50 ± 0.17; 20.20 ± 0.23; 20.13 ± 0.03 and 22.53 ± 0.09 against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, E. colli, Bacillus sp. Overall, it can be concluded that biofilm chitosan has the opportunity to be applied as a dressing in wound care.</p>

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Carbone Nanotube (CNt) was one of antibacterial compound synthesized from carbon pr activated carbon. In this study threated the synthesis of CNt from teak charcoal used strong acid and sonication. The rendement of CNt synthesis showed potential result 37,6555±0,8038%. The characterization to the CNt showed density 1,0145±0,0037g/cc; Absolute Viscosity 1,06±0,0245P.a; Molecule weight 0,0007±0,00002g/mol. Threated the metal ionic doped to the CNt solution used Ag, Cu, Fe(II), Fe(III). Mg and Zn to increase the stabilitation and interaction. The characterization of CNt-Ag showed density 1,0072±0,0055g/cc; Absolute Viscosity 0,66±0,0400P.a; Molecule weight 0,0007±0,00004g/mol. The characterization of CNt-Cu showed density 1,0086±0,0040g/cc; Absolute Viscosity 0,56±0,0400P.a; Molecule weight 0,0007±0,00003g/mol. The characterization of CNt-Fe(II) showed density 1,0060±0,0013g/cc; Absolute Viscosity 0,76±0,0400P.a; Molecule weight 0,0007±0,000001g/mol. The characterization of CNt-Fe(III) showed density 1,0159±0,0042g/cc; Absolyte Viscosity 0,82±0,0200P.a; Molecule weight 0,0007±0,00003g/mol. Characterization of CNt-Mg showed density 0,9970±0,0008g/cc; Absolute Viscosity 0,64±0,0400P.a; Molecule weight 0,0007±0,000005g/mol. Characterization of CNt-Zn showed density 1,0013±0,0013g/cc; Absolute Viscosity 0,60±0,0447P.a; Molecule weight 0,0007±0,000005g/mol. Threated the mix to the CNt by another antibacterial compounds like Hydroxyapatite (HAp), Chitosan and Nano Chitosan. From the characterization of CNt-HAp obtained density 1,0008±0,0010g/cc; Absolute Viscosity 0,60±0,0316P.a; Molecule weight 0,0007±0,000007g/mol. Characterization CNt-Chitosan obtained density 0,9992±0,0019g/cc; Absolute Viscosity 0,42±0,0200P.a; Molecule weight 0,4343±0,0207g/mol. Characterization CNt-Nano Chitosan obtained density 1,0084±0,0002g/cc; Absolute Viscosity 0,50±0,0316P.a; Molecule weight 0,5170±0,3270g/mol. The results of antibacterial activity measurements against E.coli bacteries showed that all of the threatment to the chars produced the antibacterial activity in middle to strong range.

<p>Bioceramic Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was a derivated chemical synthetic compound from calcium phosphate commonly used to care for hard tissue damage. Bioceramic Hydroxyapatite can be synthesized from the compounds rich with calcium contains. This study treated the synthesis and physicochemical Characterization of the HAp made from <em>Celetaiya persclupta</em> snail shells obtained from Poso lake. From the characterization of the sample <em>C. presclupta</em> shells obtained the water contains 0.50±0.00%; ash contains 0.9913±0.0017g/g; potassium 0.0005±0.00007g/g; calcium 0.0391±0.0059g/g; phosphate 0.0221±0.0009g/g; phosphorus 0.0111±0.0005  and the ratio of  Ca/P 1.7382±0.1994%. The synthesis of HAp by base precipitation method showed the yield of synthesis 85.2891±4.2496% with the level of material reduction during synthesis 18.0442±1.1684%. The result of characterization of the HAp showed that the potassium contains 0.0002±0.00003g/g; calcium 0.0121±0.0031g/g; phosphate 0.0167±0.0013g/g; phosphorus 0.0084±0.0007g/g; ratio of Ca/P 1.3724±0.2736%; porosity 9.9929±0.7626%; swelling ability 24.8416±1.4989%; and biodegradability 10.8958±1.1781%. The overall results concluded that the <em>C. presclupta</em> snail shells could become a source of Bioceramic Hydroxyapatite (HAp).</p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p>

Bioceramics was a synthetic compound used in medical to patching up fracture bone. Bioceramics generally was synthetic calcium hydroxyapatite (HAp) but it's form like a calcium structure in real bone. In this study threated the synthesis of calcium hydroxyapatite (HAp) from local chicken eggshell, broiler eggshell and duck eggshell using base precipitation method and hydrolysis of brushite method. Before synthesis process, threated characterization to the samples and the characterization result of local chicken eggshell showed that water contains 1.49 ± 0.00%; calcium contains 0.0188 ± 0.0007 g/g and phosphate contains 0.001349 g/g. Characterization result of broiler eggshell showed that water contains 1.49 ± 0.00%; calcium contains 0.0195 ± 0.00 g/g and phosphate contains 0.001355 g/g. Characterization result of duck eggshell showed that water contains 1.49 ± 0.00%; calcium contains 0.0195 ± 0.00 g/g and phosphate contains 0.001294 g/g. Process of synthesis using base precipitation method obtained HAp 0.18786 ± 0.0179405 g/g from local chicken eggshell; 0.35546 ± 0.0198763 g/g from broiler eggshell; and 0.36145 ± 0.0289693 g/g from duck eggshell. Process of synthesis using hydrolysis of brushite method obtained HAp 0.0559 g/g from local chicken eggshell; 0.0950 g/g from broiler eggshell; and 0.3315 g/g from duck eggshell.

<p>Sangiran was an important  prehistoric site heritage for Indonesia. Entire site area was living environment once pass by several rivers, one of them was Pucung river. This study was approaching study from water environment by measuring metals and minerals contained in the water from Pucung river and measured that Iron (Fe) containend was 0,01mg/L; Zink (Zn) 0,02mg/L; Nickel (Ni) 0,00mg/L; Mangan (Mn) 0,00mg/L; Chrom (VI) (Cr⁶⁺) 0,009mg/L; Aluminium (III) (Al³⁺) 0,00mg/L and Copper (Cu) 0,01mg/L. From the minerals containing measured that Phosphate (PO4) 0,37mg/L; Nitrate (NO₃^-) 0,8mg/L; Nitrite (NO₂^-) 0,001mg/L; Chloride (Cl^-) 0,01mg/L; Fluoride (F^-) 0,00mg/L; Sulphide (S^2-) 0,0µg/L; Sulphate (SO₄^2-) 6,00mg/L; and N as N-NH₃ (Ammonia) 0,05mg/L. This studi continuing the study before wich are just limiting to studying the river stratigraphy..</p>