Introduction: Several studies indicate that delivery by caesarean section may be one of the risk factors for the development of childhood asthma. Aim: A meta-analysis was carried out to establish the relationship between delivery by caesarean section and asthma in children. Material and methods: After a review of bibliographic databases, 41 articles were obtained and 12 of which were accepted for further analysis. The odds ratios (OR) included in the analysis were specified on the basis of data from the presented studies or were calculated using reported prevalence. The analysis took into account unadjusted OR. The heterogeneity of results was assessed using the χ 2 test, determining p < 0.05 as the level of significance. The analysis was performed using Statistica 13.3 and kit 4.0.67. Results: Caesarean delivery was associated with an increased risk of development of childhood asthma (OR = 1.41); however, significant heterogeneity of results was demonstrated. A significantly higher risk of asthma was found in children born by caesarean section in the case where the disease was confirmed in a questionnaire-based study (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.05-1.5), and the results of that study were homogeneous. Conclusions: In the case of the diagnosis of asthma declared by parents in the questionnaire-based study, a significantly higher risk of disease occurrence was observed in children born by caesarean section. Due to the significant heterogeneity of the results of the studies, it cannot be clearly stated that caesarean delivery is a risk factor for the development of bronchial asthma.

Background: Epidemiological data concerning the level of asthma morbidity indicate that in Poland, asthma is diagnosed in 5–10% of the pediatric population. Aim The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and allergies in a group of children with and without asthma and to evaluate the association between exposure to environmental factors and the prevalence of bronchial asthma in a pediatric population. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a group of 995 children attending primary schools in the province of Silesia in 2018–2019. The research tool was an anonymous questionnaire developed based on the form used in The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Children’s health status, the prevalence of bronchial asthma, and the performance of allergic skin tests were assessed based on parents’ indications in a questionnaire. Environmental exposures such as mold and dampness in apartments or ETS were similarly assessed. Analyses were performed using Statistica 13.0; p < 0.05. Results: A total of 88 subjects (8.8%) suffered from bronchial asthma. Parents of children with asthma, compared to parents of children without the disease, were more likely to rate their children’s health as rather good (43.2% vs. 38.0%) or average (21.6% vs. 3.1%). All analyzed respiratory symptoms, as well as allergies, were statistically more frequent in children with bronchial asthma. Conclusions: The parent’s subjective assessment of the child’s health varied significantly according to the asthma diagnosis. Asthma is also associated with other diseases: allergic reactions to pollen, house dust, hay fever, and AD (atopic dermatitis) were statistically significantly more frequent among children diagnosed with bronchial asthma.

WstępWyniki chirurgicznego odbarczenia nerwu pośrodkowego u części chorych z zespołem cieśni nadgarstka są niezadowalające. Celem pracy jest ocena wczesnych wyników leczenia zespołu cieśni nadgarstka (<i>carpal tunnel syndrome</i> – CTS) za pomocą bipolarnej neuromodulacji nerwu pośrodkowego (<i>median nerve</i> – MN) z użyciem prądu o częstotliwości radiowej w trybie pulsacyjnym (<i>pulsed radiofrequency</i> – PRF).Materiał i metodyLeczeniu poddano 15 dorosłych pacjentów z CTS (10 kobiet i 5 mężczyzn, średni wiek 58,5 roku). Zastosowano technikę bipolarnej neuromodulacji z użyciem prądu PRF. Prawidłowość położenia elektrod potwierdzano neurofizjologicznie. Protokół badania składał się z kwestionariusza objawów zespołu cieśni nadgarstka (Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire – BCTQ), skali numerycznej NRS (Numerical Rating Scale) dla oceny bólu oraz oceny siły mięśniowej przed neuromodulacją oraz 4 i 12 tygodni po leczeniu. Ponadto oceniano szybkość przewodnictwa czuciowego w nerwie pośrodkowym (<i>sensory nerve conduction velocity</i> – SNCV) przed i 12 tygodni po interwencji.WynikiStwierdzono znamienną poprawę w zakresie podskal BCTQ dotyczących ciężkości objawów (33,53 ± 8,25 przed zabiegiem vs. 18,33 ± 11,06 i 25,67 ± 12,39 po upływie 4 i 12 tygodni od zabiegu) oraz stanu czynnościowego (21,0 ± 5,79 vs. 12,07 ± 7,20 i 17,73 ± 9,09), a także poprawę siły mięśniowej (3,39 ± 1,68 vs. 5,86 ± 1,98 i 4,93 ± 2,22). Ponadto stwierdzono redukcję bólu i poprawę SNCV, jednak parametry te nie osiągnęły znamienności statystycznej.WnioskiNeuromodulacja nerwu pośrodkowego za pomocą prądu PRF przeprowadzona techniką bipolarną jest obiecującą metodą leczenia pacjentów z CTS i może być alternatywą dla chirurgicznego uwolnienia nerwu pośrodkowego. Dla oceny trwałości poprawy klinicznej po zastosowanym leczeniu konieczny będzie dłuższy okres obserwacji.

In recent years, the widespread of microplastics in the food chain and environment became a topic of much research. This article focused on the knowledge and awareness of people with higher education levels—mostly young ones. The aim of this study is to analyze to what extent consumers know about and are aware of the source of microplastics, the level of exposure, and potential health hazards connected to the contamination of food and water with microplastics. The test group, consisting of 410 people, is mostly able to correctly characterize what microplastics mean and knows its sources. A majority of the group is aware of potential presence of microplastics in water; however, the knowledge about contamination of other elements of the environment seems to be gradually lowering. The majority of the people taking part in the research know that microplastic might be present in foods, and they are aware that after entering the human body, it might accumulate in internal organs. Moreover, when asked about potential health hazards, the group chose mostly tumors and gastrointestinal disorders, while disorders of the reproductive system were chosen less frequently. Consumers’ knowledge regarding the sources and health hazards of microplastics seems to be more common among women, in groups living in cities and among people who studied physics-related subjects and medicine.

Wprowadzenie i cel pracy. 10 marca 2020 roku Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (World Health Orgazization, WHO) ogłosiła pandemię COVID-19, która stała się stanem zagrożenia zdrowia publicznego o zasięgu międzynarodowym. Celem badania było poznanie postaw pracowników sektora ochrony zdrowia wobec epidemii COVID-19. Materiał i metody. Pod koniec 2020 roku przeprowadzono badanie ankietowe wśród 115 pracowników ochrony zdrowia. Narzędziem badawczym był kwestionariusz stworzony na podstawie sondaży Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej (CBOS). Przy analizach zależności wyodrębniono dwie grupy, w skład których wchodzili: pracownicy szpitala i zatrudnieni w pozostałych jednostkach opieki medycznej oraz pracownicy mający kontakt i niemający kontaktu z pacjentem. Uzyskane wyniki opracowano za pomocą programów Microsoft Office Excel oraz Statistica 13.0. W przypadku analiz zależności zastosowano test chi², przy czym przyjęto kryterium statystycznej znamienności p < 0,5. Wyniki. Ponad połowa badanych (51,30%) uznała obecną pandemię za coś niespotykanego. Poza pracą 86,96% respondentów stosuje się do nakazu zasłaniania ust i nosa w miejscach publicznych, a 99,13% dezynfekuje ręce w miejscach użytku publicznego. Większość pracowników jednostek medycznych (50,43%) uznało obecnie obostrzenia i środki bezpieczeństwa związane z epidemią COVID-19 za zbyt restrykcyjne. Wpływ na to miał wykonywany zawód i związany z nim bezpośredni kontakt z pacjentami. Chęć poddania się szczepieniu przeciw COVID-19 wyraziło 65,22% badanych. Wnioski. Pracownicy ochrony zdrowia cechują się wysokim poziomem świadomości potrzeby profilaktyki przeciw koronawirusowi SARS-CoV-2 i stosują się do zaleceń bezpieczeństwa epidemicznego zarówno w miejscu pracy, jak i poza nim. Większość pracowników opieki zdrowotnej uważa, że obecnie stosowane środki bezpieczeństwa epidemicznego są zbyt restrykcyjne. Większość badanych (65,22%) wyrażało chęć poddania się szczepieniu przeciw COVID-19.

The process of intrauterine programming is related to the quality of the microbiome formed in the fetus and the newborn. The implementation of probiotics, prebiotics, and psychobiotics shows immunomodulatory potential towards the organism, especially the microbiome of the pregnant woman and her child. Nutrigenomics, based on the observation of pregnant women and the developing fetus, makes it possible to estimate the biological effects of active dietary components on gene expression or silencing. Nutritional intervention for pregnant women should consider the nutritional status of the patient, biological markers, and the potential impact of dietary intervention on fetal physiology. The use of a holistic model of nutrition allows for appropriately targeted and effective dietary prophylaxis that can impact the physical and mental health of both the mother and the newborn. This model targets the regulation of the immune response of the pregnant woman and the newborn, considering the clinical state of the microbiota and the pathomechanism of the nervous system. Current scientific reports indicate the protective properties of immunobiotics (probiotics) about the reduction of the frequency of infections and the severity of the course of COVID-19 disease. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that intrauterine programming influences the development of the microbiome for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on a review of research studies.

Introduction and objective. Poverty and low level of education pose the biggest threats to public health. Moreover, they generate inequalities in public healthThe aim of the study was to check if there are any inequalities in health among teenagers living in Bytom, Poland. Materials and method. In 2011 and 2012, an epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,099 students from lower secondary schools from Bytom. The students completed a questionnaire which was based on an earlier Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (HBSC). Socio-Economic Status of teenagers (SES) was determined according to the Family Affluence Scale (FAS), the intensity of possible problems in the place of residence and on parents' education. Impact of SES on health self-assessment, asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis with addition to spinal deformities were also investigated. Results. A good or very good level of health was declared by students from families representing a high level of FAS and residing in a more peaceful, less troubled neighbourhood. The highest level of asthma prevalence (10.9%) occurred among students from families with a low level of FAS. The students from families with high FAS were less affected by spinal deformities (34.6%). Students living in a troubled neighbourhood more often suffered from bronchial asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis and spinal deformities. Conclusions. The level of family affluence depends on the parents' education and all the analysed health problems occurred more frequently in children whose parents had completed at least general secondary education. A high economic standard of living and a peaceful neighbourhood determined good or very good health self-assessment among the surveyed students.

IntroductionThe public health crisis related to the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the mental health of both individuals and entire populations. The source of stress was not only the fear of getting sick, but also the restrictions introduced, such as: mass lockdown, the need to maintain social distance, quarantine or the mandatory use of personal protective equipment. Their introduction and maintenance caused various emotional reactions which often resulted in undesirable behavior leading to infections spreading.The aim of the studyThe aim of the study was to analyze the level of emotional control depending on selected factors related to the pandemic and the introduced restrictions.Materials and methodsThe study covered 594 adult Poles. To evaluate knowledge about COVID-19 and attitudes toward the implemented restrictions, the questionnaire prepared by the authors was used. To determine the level of control of anger, depression and anxiety the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (CECS) was used, and to estimate the level of perceived stress the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was applied.ResultsIn the entire analyzed group, the general level of emotional control was 51.82 ± 12.26, with anxiety being the most suppressed emotion (17.95 ± 4.99), whereas the least suppressed emotion was anger (16.35 ± 5.15). The average stress level in the studied group was 20.5 ± 5.3. The level of perceived stress did not differentiate the level of emotional control. It was found that the higher level of the knowledge about the pandemic and methods of prevention, the higher emotional control, especially in the anxiety subscale (high level of knowledge – 18.26 ± 5.36 vs. low level of knowledge - 15.09 ± 3.6; p = 0.02). People reporting difficulties in reconciling remote work with home duties were less able to control anger (14.63 ± 4.98) than people without such problems (16.71 ± 4.12; p = 0.007).ConclusionProper education improving knowledge about COVID-19 and methods of prevention may enhance the control of emotions in the population. Possible future preventive measures aimed at limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections or other infectious diseases should also take into account possible excessive mental burden caused by private and professional duties.