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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common pathology in middle-aged patients and a regular consultation in the gastroenterology office. The prevalence is high in females with a ratio of 2:1, and due to its multifactorial etiology, it is difficult to address the symptomatology. On the other hand, fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic widespread pain syndrome also prevalent in the female population, characterized by systemic symptoms. It is proven that 28-59 % of patients with FMS develop IBS at some point in their illness; on the other hand, 32-77% of those with IBS will develop FMS. Our study aims to compile information about the pathogenesis of these diseases and highlight their common processes to target these two illnesses potentially.This systematic review comprises twenty-three studies published between 2017 and 2022, selected by electronic research with keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MESH) strategy. The articles were taken from PubMed, Pubmed Central (PMC), Medline, and Cochrane libraries and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the pertinent quality checklists. Of the reviewed studies, 10 were case-control, six were narrative reviews, three were systematic reviews, three were cross-sectional, and one was a cohort study. They investigated the correlation and similitudes in the pathogenic process between FMS and IBS.There are some similar mechanisms in the physiopathologies of IBS and FMS, where the immune system, especially the mast cells (MCs), along with their products, receptors, the inflammatory cells with their intermediaries, hormones, and neurotransmitters such as serotonin, act together pathologically. Also, the role of the microbiota is very important in this pathogenesis since dysbiosis alters the levels of serotonin in the body and can produce hyperstimulation of the autonomic nervous system.There are common associated factors in IBS and FMS, with evident symptoms presented in both syndromes such as fatigue, pain, hypersensitivity, depression, anxiety, and others, that could be correlated in a certain way. After this systematic review, we can conclude that the most accepted theories of the common pathogenesis are the role of serotonin and MCs with their inflammatory biomarkers, which can affect different parts of the body producing the characteristic symptomatology. Moreover, other pathogenic mechanisms such as the involvement of microbiota and dysregulation of the gut-brain axis have shown promising results, and further investigation should be made to support their role.

Obesity is a major health problem worldwide resulting in numerous health conditions such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and certain types of cancer which are among the leading causes of premature preventable deaths. Recently, glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) has been identified as the most promising intervention in treating obesity. Our systematic review aims to analyze the efficacy of semaglutide, a GLP-1RA in treating obesity. We searched PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases to review and distill full-text articles based on the eligibility criteria and involved 12 papers of clinical trials. The review found that semaglutide is safe and effective in treating obesity, and complications reported were primarily gastrointestinal events. Further exploration with more number of clinical trials involving greater sample size and lengthier time of follow-up is essential to determine its efficacy and safety in a diverse group of individuals who are overweight or obese and the dose required along with the duration of treatment.

A medical condition known as alcohol use disorder (AUD) is defined as an impaired capacity to reduce or regulate alcohol consumption despite negative social, occupational, or health effects. According to studies, habitual drinkers experience a reduction in their capacity to process new information, gain new skills, and formulate plans. Studies indexed in PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect, published from 2012 to 2022, were identified through the search terms "alcohol use disorder" and "executive function." A total of 2242 abstracts were identified through the initial search terms. Full texts were reviewed for 61 articles, out of which nine articles met the criteria for inclusion. This systematic review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The current systematic review primarily focuses on the following issues: clinical neuropsychological tests of executive dysfunction, specific brain regions most affected by alcohol neurotoxic effects, and alcoholrelated dementia. This review concluded that chronic alcohol dependence syndrome causes impairments in several cognitive function domains. Study shows frontal lobe damage is caused by chronic alcohol consumption. A faulty interaction among large-scale networks underlies patients' executive dysfunction in AUD, which is suggested by changes in prefrontal white-matter pathways. The goal of this systematic review is to improve the ability to recognize alcoholics who are particularly at risk of functional impairments to tailor therapeutic therapy to maximize the chance of maintaining abstinence and neuropsychology concerning this complex disease.

Approximately 100 million people globally smoke cigarettes, making it a significant and quickly spreading global tobacco epidemic. Substance use disorders are frequently evaluated by non-randomized studies. Tobacco use and its impacts on the cardiovascular system were the subjects of a comprehensive search across five electronic databases: Cochrane, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and PubMed. The findings demonstrated that waterpipe smokers in comparison to non-smokers have immediate elevations in heart rate and blood pressure, lower levels of high-density lipoprotein, higher levels of low-density lipoprotein, higher levels of triglycerides, higher levels of fasting blood glucose, and a higher heart rate. Users of waterpipes and cigarettes had similar average heart rates, blood pressure, and lipid levels, with the exception that waterpipe smokers had greater total cholesterol. Smoking a waterpipe has significant negative effects on the cardiovascular system comparable to cigarette smoking, and non-randomized studies proved to yield substantial evidence related to its cardiovascular effects. Such study designs can be used to evaluate substance use and its cardiovascular impact.

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a surgical procedure that treats the narrowed carotid arteries, which may be narrowed by atherosclerosis. Stenting is the insertion of a wire mesh scaffold into the narrowed portion of the carotid artery to keep it open by preventing blood from clotting. Using the study done over 10 years back as a point of reference, this study will seek an update on an assessment comparing CEA and stenting in studies carried out between 2015 and to date. The PICOS (population, intervention, control, outcome, and study designs) criteria were used to construct a set of inclusion and exclusion guidelines. This meta-analysis and systematic review used two forms of investigative analysis; both quantitative and qualitative assessments. From the studies, stroke (95% CI: 0.51-0.71, P < 0.001), myocardial infarction (95% CI: 1.49-3.42, P = 0.001), and stroke or death analysis (95% CI: 0.53-0.77, P < 0.001) were noted to be significant. From the analysis, CEA was observed as having better treatment results in terms of stroke events and stroke or death incidences when compared to stenting. Carotid stenting was observed as having lower cases of myocardial infarctions when compared to endarterectomy.

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Globally, the novel corona virus infection has continued to witness a growing number of cases since December 2019 when the outbreak was discovered and noted in China. Despite this has not been well studied for the case of COVID-19, human contact, public moveableness and environmental variables could have an impact onairborne’spropagation and virus continuance, such as influenza virus. This study aimed to determine the seasonal variation and geographical distribution of COVID-19 across Nigeria. An internet based archival research design was employed for this study on the seasonal variation and geographical distribution of COVID-19 across Nigeria. This involved the use of goggle mobility data and world map on Corona Virus Infection (COVID-19). The search strategy for getting information for this research was done electronically. The keywords in the case search using the goggle mobility software was “COVID-19 Update”, “COVID-19 Update in Nigeria”, ‘COVID-19 Winter Report’, “COVID-19 Case Fatality March 2020–July 2021”, “COVID-19 Case Fatality in Nigeria”. The data gotten from the goggle motor updates were entered into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) which was used in the analysis of the study. Results from the study, reported that official COVID-19 cases number was significantly higher in the Dry season (October 2020–April 2021) with 59.0% (127,213) compared to 41.0% (85,176) in the wet/rainy season (May–September) it revealed that the dry and rainy seasons had a COVID-19 prevalence of 0.063 and 0.041 respectively. Further results from the study showed that the prevalence of COVID-19 was 0.07% in the North-Central, 0.04% in both the North-East and North-West, 0.03% in the South-West, 0.09% in the South-South, and the highest prevalence of 0.16% in the South-East. Considering the case Fatality rate of COVID-19 during the Dry and Wet Seasons. The study revealed that North-Central had a death toll of 196 (10.4%) out of 9457 confirmed COVID-19 cases hence a fatality of 2.07. Fatality rate of 1.49% in South western Nigeria, South-South Nigeria, 1.49%, South-East accounted to a fatality rate of 1.25%. Nigeria based on the finding of this study records increased fatality in Dry season over wet seasons. The study concluded that prevalence of COVID-19 varies in seasons in Nigeria Hence; further Data and Meteorological analysis on weather variations towards the SARS-CoV-2 Virus spread should be evaluated by future researchers. It is imperative to ensure strict and controlled application of social measures, such as social distancing, mandatory wearing of non-medical masks to prevent droplets from entering the respiratory tract, screening of affected patients along with quarantine is essential to defeat and improve infection control.