Cefixime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with poor solubility and permeability. The aim was to compared between Dry Grinding (DG) and Liquid-Assisted Grinding (LAG) methods to formed cocrystal of cefixime with nicotinamide. Cocrystal was prepared in 1:1 molar ratio and was characterizated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Cocrystal properties such as solubility, dissolution rate, and permeation rate were evaluated. The solubility test results obtained: 0.420 ± 0.016 (cefixime); 0.675 ± 0.016 (cocrystal 1:1 LAG); and 0.632 ± 0.016 (cocrystal 1:1 DG). The dissolution test results obtained: 186.55 ± 4.18 (cefixime); 232.83 ± 4.07 (cocrystal 1:1 LAG); and 228.82 ± 10.07 (cocrystal 1:1 DG). The permeability test results obtained: 153.58 ± 31.94 (cefixime); 306.22 ± 77.81 (cocrystal 1:1 LAG); and 211.44 ± 22.90 (cocrystal 1:1 DG). Cefixime can be formed into cocrystal with nicotinamide by DG and LAG methods according to the results of characterization using DSC, FTIR, SEM, and XRD accompanied by the increasing solubility, dissolution, and permeability. Cocrystal 1:1 LAG showed better result compared to cocrystal 1:1 DG.
HMG-CoA reductase merupakan enzim yang dapat memetabolisme kolesterol. Tahapan dalam biosintesis kolesterol yaitu sintesis asam mevalonat dari acetil-CoA, pembentukan isoprenoid, pembentukan skualen dan sintesis kolesterol. Simvastatin dikenal sebagai HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (3-hydroxy-3methylglutary co-enzym A), menyebabkan pengurangan tidak hanya kolestrol tetapi juga berbagai metabolit antara yaitu pembentukan isoprenoid yang merupakan kunci dalam sinyal seluler dan pengendalian fungsi sel. Hambatan isoprenoid ini dapat menurunkan aktivasi Nf-kB melalui jalur Rho/ROCK dari isoprenoid antara jalur biosintesis kolesterol yang merupakan respon seluler pembentuk sitokin pro inflamasi. Hal tersebut yang membuat Simvastatin dapat bekerja pada non lipid dependent effect yaitu efek pleiotropik sebagai antiinflamasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisa efek pleiotropik Simvastatin sebagai antiinflamasi pada tikus putih. Desain penelitian yaitu penelitian experimental post test only control desaign dengan menggunakan lima kelompok uji yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, dan kelompok perlakuan yang terbagi menjadi tiga dosis perlakuan pada masing-masing obat. Efektivitas antiinflamasi dilakukan dengan metode induksi karagenan 1% intraplantar yang dilihat efek inhibisi inflamasinya selama 9 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persen inhibisi inflamasi pada simvastatin dosis 1,8mg/KgBB; dosis 3,6mg/KgBB; dosis 7,2mg/kgBB yaitu 79,92%; 89,05% dan 79,92%. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin memiliki efek pleiotropik antiinflamasi pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) yang signifikan (p=0,019).
Euphorbiaceae family plants are spread in Indonesia and empirically, have been used for a long time as medicine. This article review aims to discuss the pharmacological activities of several plants from the Euphorbiaceae family. This research was conducted by conducting a literature review limited to research in the form of scientific articles. The scientific article in question results from research reviewed and published in Indonesian and English. The steps in the search are divided into several stages, starting from identification, screening, eligibility, and data grouping. The articles used in this article review were obtained by searching the internet from online data search media/search engines such as Google/Google Scholar and journal provider sites such as PubMed, NCBI, and SINTA with the keywords "Euphorbiaceae plants," "Ethnopharmacology, "Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacy," "Plant Activity and Effectiveness," "Euphorbiaceae family activity," and "Pharmacological activity of Euphorbiaceae. After determining the keywords, the next step is filtering multiple data or duplications and filtering the article's title, abstract, and keywords so that data can be determined to be used or not for the following review.This study is a literature review based on several national or international scientific articles about the pharmacological activity of Euphorbiaceae plants. The literature study found that some plants from the Euphorbiaceae family have pharmacological activities, and the most dominant are antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. Moreover, many other activities include analgesic, antipyretic, antithrombotic, anti-hypercholesterolemia, antihyperglycemic, antihistamine, diuretic, and antiseptic.
Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is a plant that has many benefits, one of which is as an anti-inflammatory. The anti-inflammatory effect of cayenne pepper was tested on white rats in the form of a gel. Two gel formulas were used with different concentrations of propylene glycol as additive, 25% and 30%, respectively. White rats were grouped into 4 groups, negative control group (gel base), positive control group (Voltaren® Emulgel), gel formula 1 group (enhancer 25%), and gel formula 2 (enhancer 30%). Albumen was induced on the backs of white rats then samples were given. Skinfold thickness measurements were taken every 1 hour for 6 hours. The data obtained in the form of skin thickness values (mm). The % Inflammation Inhibition (% PI) was calculated for each sample. Formula 1 and Formula 2 gave %PI of 32.58 ± 1.80 and 40.75 ± 5.71, respectively. Both formulas had an anti-inflammatory effect against edema on the back of rats although not better than Voltaren® Emulgel. Based on One Way ANOVA test, Formula 2 has a better anti-inflammatory effect than Formula 1. LSD test results show that %PI Formula 2 is similar to %PI Voltaren® Emulgel with a significance value of 0.117 (>0.05).
Masker gel peel off merupakan salah satu kosmetik yang digunakan untuk perawatan kulit yang dapat memutihkan, mengecilkan pori-pori, melembabkan dan menutrisi kulit. Salah satu bahan yang dapat dijadikan bahan utama masker gel peel off adalah sisik ikan mujair (Oreochromis mossambicus). Sisik ikan mujair mengandung kolagen yang bermanfaat sebagai antiaging. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formula masker gel peel off dari sisik ikan yang terbaik dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi PVA (5% dan 10%) dan HPMC (2% dan 4%). Dalam penelitian ini dibuat 4 formula yang berbeda. Pada sediaan dilakukan pengujian karakteristik yang meliputi uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas, uji pH, uji daya sebar, uji waktu mengering, dan uji hedonik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sediaan yang dibuat sudah memenuhi kriteria. Semua formula memiliki tekstur semi padat, beraroma jeruk, dan berwarna abu-abu dan semua formula menunjukkan homogenitas yang baik. Hasil uji pH diperoleh: F1 (5,0), F2 (5,6), F3 (5,5), dan F4 (5,4). Hasil uji daya lekat diperoleh: F1 (400 g : 5,2 cm), F2 (600 g : 5,2 cm), F3 (600 g : 5,4 cm), dan F4 (600 g : 5,4 cm). hasil uji waktu mengering: F1 (55 menit), F2 (33 menit), F3 (33,3 menit), F4 (56,3 menit). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa serbuk sisik ikan mujair dapat dijadikan sediaan masker gel peel off. Formula 2 menjadi formula terbaik dengan konsentrasi PVA 10% dan HPMC 2%.
Telah dilakukan kokristalisasi asam mefenamat (AM) dengan para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) sebagai koformer dengan menggunakan metode liquid‐assisted grinding. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah asam mefenamat dapat ditingkatkan laju disolusinya melalui pembentukan kokristal dengan PABA. Kokristal AM-PABA dibuat dengan perbandingan molar 1:2. Laju disolusi kokristal AM-PABA meningkat 1,45 kali lebih baik dibandingkan asam mefenamat murni. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan terbentuknya fase kristal baru yang ditandai dengan munculnya puncak difraktogram baru pada XRD, penurunan titik lebur pada termogram DSC, serta pergeseran dan penurunan intensitas bilangan gelombang pada spektra FTIR.
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