BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by increasing blood glucose levels caused by insufficiency of insulin hormone production and activities. There are significant increases in DM case every year in Indonesia, as a consequent, alternative and better drug is needed to be developed. One of the plants that were often used as traditional medicine for DM in Indonesia was Muntingia carabula L. (kersen) leaf. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antidiabetes activity of M. carabula leaves.METHODS: This study was conducted in vivo by evaluating the antidiabetic activity of M. carabula leaf water extract on two animal models, those are insulin deficiency and insulin resistant model animal. The insulin deficiency animal model was developed by aloxan administration at dose of 50 mg/Kg body weight (bw) intravenously. While the insulin resistance animal model was developed by lipid emulsion administration at dose of 0.42 mL/20 grams bw orally. Both groups were randomly devided into 6 groups, which are negative control group, positive control group, standard drug group (glybenclamide 0.65 mg/Kg bw or metformin 135 mg/Kg bw), and extract groups at dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg bw. Parameters which were evaluated are fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels for insulin deficiency models and values of constant of insulin tolerance (KITT) for insulin resistant models.RESULTS: In insulin deficient model group, administration of glibenclamide lower the FBG by 43%, furthermore, the extract of M. calabura at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg bw also lower the FBG by 13%, 22% and 29%, subsequently. In insulin resistant models, metformin increased the value of KITT from less than 0.5 to 2.91, and administration of the extract at doses of 400, 200 and 100 mg/Kg bw also increased the KITT value to 2.31, 1.57, 1.13, respectively.CONCLUSION: The conclusion was M. carabula leaves water extract with dose of 400 mg/Kg bw had the antidiabetic activities with mechanisms to lower blood glucose level, regenerate pancreatic β cells, and increase insulin sensitivity.KEYWORDS: diabetes mellitus, kersen leaves, Muntingia calabura L., insulin deficiency, insulin resistance
(Ahmad Riduan) ABSTRAKObesitas merupakan suatu kondisi terjadinya akumulasi lemak yang berlebih dalam tubuh. Obesitas merupakan faktor resiko hipertensi, diabetes mellitus, gangguan jantung, dan penyakit pembuluh darah lainnya. Upaya menurunkan obesitas dapat menurunkan resiko penyakit tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktifitas antiobesitas ekstrak daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus L.Merr) pada model mencit swiss Webster obesitas. Sebanyak 30 ekor mencit dikelompokkan secara acak menjadi 6 kelompok yaitu kelompok normal (menerima pembawa obat), induksi (menerima pembawa obat), pembanding (menerima orlistat 15,6 mg/k), dan 3 kelompok menerima ekstrak daun katuk dosis 100, 200, 400 mg/kg. Semua kelompok (kecuali kelompok normal) diinduksi obesitas dengan fruktosa dan makanan tinggi lemak selama 21 hari. Parameter yang diukur adalah bobot badan, indeks makanan, indeks feses, indeks organ, dan indeks lemak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dalam penurunan bobot badan antara kelompok hewan yang menerima ekstrak daun katuk terhadap kelompok induksi (p<0,05). Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun katuk mempunyai aktivitas antiobesitas, dan ekstrak terbaik dalam menurunkan bobot badan adalah ekstrak daun katuk 400 mg/kg.
Kerehau (Callicarpa longifolia Lamk.) adalah tumbuhan yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri, antiinflamasi dan analgetik. Tetapi, belum ada yang penelitian kerehau sebagai antidiabetes. Sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antidiabetes dari ekstrak etanol daun kerehau. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Tes Toleransi Glukosa Oral (TTGO) dan defisiensi insulin dengan menggunakan mencit galur swiss webster yang dikelompokkan menjadi 6 kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, pembanding (glibenklamid 0,65 mg/KgBB), dosis I (75 mg/KgBB), dosis II (150 mg/KgBB), dosis III (300mg/KgBB). Pada metode TTGO mencit diberikan glukosa monohidrat 3g/KgBB sebagai kontrol positif dan di ukur kadar glukosa darah setiap 30 menit selama 150 menit. Pada metode defisiensi insulin mencit dinduksi aloksan dosis 55-60 mg/KgBB. Pemberian bahan uji dilakukan selama 14 hari dan diukur kadar glukosa darah pada hari ke-7 dan ke-14. Hasil TTGO menunjukkan bahwa dosis 150 dan dosis 300 dapat menurunkan KGD pada menit ke-30. Pada defisiensi insulin semua dosis dapat menurunkan KGD pada hari ke-7. Kesimpulannya yaitu ekstrak etanol daun kerehau memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes dan dosis yang paling efektif yaitu dosis 75 mg/KgBB.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate ethanolic extract of bulb of Eleutherine americana Merr as antihypertensive. Methods:This study examined the effect of ethanol extract of bulb of Eleutherine americana Merr on urine volume, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram (ECG) profile. Diuretic activity was evaluated by the Lipschitz method. Furosemide (3.6 mg/kg) used as standard drug. Animal rats model of hypertension were induced by fructose 66% in the diet for 21 d. Captopril (2.5 mg/kg) used as standard antihypertension. Parameters measured were urine volume for 24 h, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and electrocardiogram profile.Results: High fructose diet for 21 d reduced R-R, P-R interval of the electrocardiogram, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate compared to normal group statistically significant (p<0.05). Animals received an ethanolic extract of the bulb of Eleutherine americana Merr doses of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg showed lowered systolic and lowered diastolic blood pressure (except for a dose of 100 mg/kg). Dose of 25, 50 mg/kg lowered systolic blood pressure was comparable to captopril 2.5 mg/kg (p>0.05). The group received a dose of 100 mg/kg showed diuretic activity comparable to furosemide 3.6 mg/kg (p>0.05). The group received a dose of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, showed improved on R-R, P-R interval of the electrocardiogram, and heart rate. Conclusion:It can be concluded that ethanolic extract of bulb Eleutherine americana Merr play important role in regulating blood pressure, increased urine volume and improved electrocardiogram profile.
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by increasing blood glucose level caused by lack of insulin hormone. One of the plants that were often used as traditional medicine for diabetes in Indonesia was okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) fruit. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antidiabetes activity of okra fruit extract. The study was divided into several steps: a preliminary study of anthyperglycemia of okra fruit after glucose, sucrose, and amylum administration; antidiabetic activity in insulin deficiency animal model developed by aloxan administration and insulin resistance animal model developed by lipid emulsion administration, and in vitro study of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibition activity. The result showed that the extract group had antihyperglycemia activity after glucose, sucrose, and amylum administration. In insulin deficiency animal model, glibenclamide and extract could decrease blood glucose level. In insulin resistance animal, metformin and extract could increase constantly of insulin tolerance test. From the α-glucosidase inhibition activity, it was known the acarbose's IC50 was 44.374 µg/mL, while okra fruit extract was 1533.742 µg/mL. And the IC50 value of acarbose to α-amylase enzyme was 46.821 µg / mL, while okra fruit extract was 1228.469 µg / mL. In conclusion, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) fruit extract with a dose of 50 mg/kg bw had the antidiabetic activity with the mechanism of action by increasing insulin secretion, increasing insulin sensitivity, and inhibiting carbohydrate absorption in the intestine; but couldn't inhibit alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzyme.
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