: Methanolic extracts of 79 Malaysian plants representing 42 families were assessed for antinematodal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus using a fungal-feeding assay. Extracts of 27 plants from 19 families showed antinematodal activity, while 52 species were inactive. Five extracts (Sauropus androgynus, Eugenia polyantha, Areca catechu, Piper betle and Piper nigrum) exhibited very strong activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at a minimum e †ective dose (MED) of 0É625 mg per ball. Strong antinematodal activity (MED : 1É25È 2É5 mg per ball) was shown by the extracts of Spondias cyntherea, Codiageum variegatum, Euodia glabra and Cicca acida. Eleven extracts (Carica papaya, Ipomoea aquatica, Ocimum basilicum, L eea gigantea, Pithecellobium jiringa, Crypteronia paniculata, Myristica fragrans, Murraya koenigii, L eucaena leucocephala, Melastoma malabathricum and Morinda citrifolia) demonstrated moderate activity between MED of 5 and 10 mg per ball, and weak activity was observed in seven extracts (Ipomoea batatas, Cymbopogon citratus, Garcinia atroviridis, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, T amarindus indica, Allium odorum and Stenochalaena palustris).
Soil sampling was conducted within Peninsular Malaysia with the aim of recovering entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae). Extensive sampling was performed in the Cameron Highlands, which are climatically distinct from the lowlands, and characterized by lower temperature and humidity. The major areas sampled in the lowlands were at the campus of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (orchards and plantations), Puchong (secondary rainforest) and along the east coast of the country. Entomopathogenic nematodes were recovered using the Galleria mellonella baiting method. Nematodes were recovered from 10% of the 425 samples assayed. Identifications, using a PCR method, revealed that the 21 identified steinernematids belonged to two different genetic types and that four out of the five heterorhabditids were Heterorhabditis indicus, the remaining heterorhabditid being a new species. The nematodes are currently being screened to evaluate their biocontrol potential for use in Malaysia against foliage-feeding lepidopteran pests of crucifers.
Synthesis of surfactant methyl ester sulfonate (MES) of methyl laurate has been done. This study aims to determine the best mole ratio between the methyl esters of lauric acid with sulfonated agent NaHSO3 in sulfonated methyl laurate. Mole variation used in this study are 1:1; 1:1,2; 1:1,4 and 1;1,6 (v/w). Best value MES emulsion stability, acid value and the surface tension is 94,5 minutes,1.3 ml KOH/ g sample, 39.3 dyne/cm in 1:4 ratio produces. MES synthesis produced by sulfonate group shown in the FTIR spectra in the wave number around 1366.52 to 1015.30 cm. Keywords : Surfactant Methyl Ester Sulfonate, Methyl Laurate.
Cellulose hydrolysis from rice husk (Oryza sativa) into glucose with sulfonated charcoal catalyst was conducted. The aim of this research was to determine sulfuric acid concentration and contact time on the sulfonation process of charcoal which would produce the highest glucose rendement from cellulose hydrolysis of rice husk. Sulfuric acid concentrations in this experiment were 8, 10, and 12 N with variation of contact time of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours respectively. Rice husk was delignified with NaOH 10% to produce cellulose which was hydrolyzed by sulfonated charcoal catalyst. Hydrolysis reaction with the ratio cellulose/aquadest 1:25 (w/v) was conducted in autoclave with temperature 130 oC for 3 hours. The result showed that 8 N concentration of sulfuric acid and 12 hours of contact time produced the highest glucose rendement 17,9%. Keywords : rice husks, cellulose, glucose, sulfonated charcoal
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