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GET, SBTT, CTT and WGTT obtained by WMC are commensurate with literature values, including by other methods. Visually and software derived transit times have strongest correlations for CTT and WGTT. WMC yields longer GET and SBTT than VCE, perhaps due to meal related effects on motility.

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Objective To analyse the eCect of ureteric stenting on dence of steinstrasse depended on the size of the calculus, regardless of whether a J stent was present, the incidence of steinstrasse and its eCects on the subsequent management of steinstrasse. being 2.6% and 56% for a burden of 1.5-2.0 cm and 3.1-3.5 cm, respectively (P<0.001). There was no Patients and methods Four hundred adult patients with a unilateral stone burden (mean diameter 1.5-3.5 cm) diCerence in the presenting symptoms in the two groups. The steinstrasse was in the lower third of the were randomly allocated into two groups; in group 1, patients had a J stent inserted before extracorporeal ureter in eight of 12 patients in group 1 and in 16 of 26 (62%) in group 2. The steinstrasse resolved sponshock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and group 2 did not. Before randomization, the patients had normal renal taneously in seven patients in group 1 and in 12 (46%) in group 2 (P<0.11). Similarly, J stenting had function and no evidence of ureteric obstruction on intravenous urography. All patients underwent ESWL, no eCect on the subsequent treatment modalities to resolve steinstrasse. with the shock waves delivered first to the most dependent part of the calculi. Patients who developed Conclusion The use of J stenting before lithotripsy significantly lowers the incidence of steinstrasse in steinstrasse were identified and the eCect of the size of the calculi and the presence of a J stent on the patients with a stone burden of 1.5-3.5 cm. The incidence of steinstrasse increases with the size of the incidence and level of the steinstrasse, on the time of diagnosis, the size of the major stone fragment, associcalculi, whether or not a J stent is present; J stenting has no apparent eCect on the mode of presentation or ated presenting symptoms and eCect on subsequent management were compared between the groups. the subsequent management of steinstrasse.

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Interleukin-8 can induce cervical ripening in nonpregnant and pregnant rabbits.

GLP-1 and ROSE-010 inhibit postprandial gastrointestinal motility through GLP-1R at myenteric neurons, involving nitrergic and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent mechanisms.

The aim of this research was to study and compare the mechanism of action of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1beta dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) and prostaglandin (PG)E2 on the cervix. Five equal groups of pregnant rabbits (n = 45) were tested by either placebo or tested drugs in the form of vaginal suppositories once daily for 3 days. The suppositories contained human recombinant IL-8 (100 ng), IL-1beta (200 ng), DHEA-S (10 mg) or PGE2 (1 mg). All rabbits were tested by one dose, two doses or three doses. Consistency, dilatation and water contents were estimated 24 h after the last dose of treatment. Leukocyte infiltration of the cervices was studied after staining the cervical tissue sections with antirabbit RT2 monoclonal antibodies. Relative collagen concentration was assessed after staining with Picrosirius Red. Collagenase, gelatinase and elastase activities were measured in 100 mg of homogenized cervical connective tissue. Water contents were significantly increased in all tested cervices. Neutrophil numbers were increased in IL-8 and IL-1beta groups after the second dose of treatment (P < 0.0005 and 0.001 respectively). In the PGE2 group, neutrophils were increased after the third dose of treatment, whereas in DHEA-S group no significant changes were observed. Collagen content was significantly decreased in IL-8, IL-1beta and PGE2 groups after the first dose of treatment (P < 0.004, and 0.005 and 0.03 respectively). In the DHEA-S group, the decrease in collagen content occurred after the third dose (P < 0.05). Collagenase activity was markedly increased in IL-8, IL-1, and DHEA-S groups after the second dose of treatment (P < 0.001, 0.003 and 0.007 respectively). No significant increase in collagenase activity was found in PGE2 group. Gelatinase activity was significantly increased in IL-8, IL-1beta, PGE2 and DHEA-S groups after the second dose of treatment (P < 0.008, 0.01, 0.003 and 0.05 respectively). Also, elastase activity was increased after the second dose of treatment in all groups (P < 0.001, 0.001, 0.001 and 0.006 respectively). Our data suggest that ripening of the cervix in rabbit can be initiated by different mechanisms. Cytokines play a vital role in cervical ripening, especially IL-8 and IL-1. IL-8 is one of the factors which could ripen the cervix in a manner similar to the physiological process at term.