Objectives: We have a weak understanding of how aerobic training may influence migraine, and the optimal parameters for exercise regimens as migraine therapy are not clear. The objectives of this study were to assess, first, effects of two different intensities of aerobic exercise on migraine headache indices; second, serum neuro-biomarker in women migraineurs. Methods: A total of 45 non-athlete female migraine patients were selected by a neurologist and randomly divided into three groups: control (CON), moderate-intensity aerobic training (MOD T), and high-intensity aerobic training (HIGH T). Before and after the training protocol, body composition factors, migraine pain indices, VO2max, and serum Adenylate-Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Substance P (SP) were measured. Exercise training protocol includes two different intensities of aerobic exercise: Moderate (13-15 Borg Scale, 60-80% HRmax) and High (15-17 Borg Scale, 65-95% HRmax). Results: Moderate-intensity aerobic training (MOD T) reduced headache intensity, frequency, and duration in women with migraine (p < 0.001, for all). Also, high-intensity aerobic training (HIGH T) reduced headache intensity, frequency, and duration (p < 0.001, for all). However, for headache intensity and duration, MOD T was effective rather than HIGH T (p < 0.001; p 0.05, respectively). In addition, neither MOD T nor HIGH T could not alter PACAP and SP contents (p = 0.712; p = 0.249, respectively). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that either MOD T or HIGH T could modify migraine pain indices but neither MOD T nor HIGH T could not alter the PACAP and SP contents in women with migraine.

The bene ts of resistance training (RT) for migraineurs appears to be lacking although bene cial of aerobic training have been shown in previous studies. The aim of current study, therefore, is to investigate the in uence of RT on migraine headache indices, upper and lower-body strength, and quality of life (QOL) in women with migraine disorders. MethodsTwenty female migraine patients who were referred by a neurologist were randomly assigned in two groups including RT group (n = 10) and control (CON) group (n = 10). The RT protocol consisted of 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 45-60 min per session. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and pain diary were utilized to measure the subjects' migraine indices including duration, pain severity, and frequency within 48 h pre-and post-training protocol. Patients in Control group (CON) has been refrained from regular exercise during this study. The quality of life (QOL) and muscular strength were measured by the Headache Impact Tests (HIT) and one-repetition maximum (1RM) test, respectively, for 48 h pre-and posttraining protocol. ResultsThe RT resulted in a signi cant decrease in the migraine indices (headache intensity, frequency, and duration) (p = 0.02, p = 0.001, p = 0.04, respectivetly). Increased quality of life and chest and leg muscular strength signi cantly (p = 0.001 for all) were also showed after 8-week RT protocol. However, there was not any signi cant differences between groups considering, BMI and waist-hip ratio (WHR) after executing RT protocol (p > 0.05). ConclusionBased on results of current study that mainly had a positive trend, it could state that RT protocol with special considering for migraine patients is probably an alternative therapy or augmentative complement to established interventions for migraine treatment.

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The aim of this study was to investigate effects of endurance and resistance training (ET and RT) on CGRP and AChRs at slow and fast twitch muscles and sciatic nerve in rats. Twenty-five male rats were randomly assigned into three groups including sedentary (SED), endurance training (ET), and resistance training (RT). Animals of ET exercised for 12 weeks, five times/week, and 60 min/day at 30 m/min. Animals of RT were housed in metal cage with 2 m high wire-mesh tower, with water bottles set at the top. 48 h after the last session of training protocol, animals were anaesthetized. The right sciatic nerves were removed; then, Soleus (SOL) and Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were excised and immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. All frozen tissues were stored at −80°C. Results showed that, after both ET and RT, CGRP content as well as AChR content of SOL and TA muscles significantly increased. But there was no significant difference among groups at sciatic nerve' CGRP content. In conclusion, data demonstrate that ET and RT lead to changes of CGRP and AChR content of ST and FT muscles. The changes indicate to the importance of neuromuscular activity.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with an impaired immune system that severely affects the spinal cord and brain, and which is marked by progressive inflammatory demyelination. Patients with MS may benefit from exercise training as a suggested course of treatment. The most commonly used animal models of studies on MS are experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) models. The present review intends to concisely discuss the interventions using EAE models to understand the effectiveness of exercise as treatment for MS patients and thereby provide clear perspective for future research and MS management. For the present literature review, relevant published articles on EAE animal models that reported the impacts of exercise on MS, were extracted from various databases. Existing literature support the concept that an exercise regimen can reduce the severity of some of the clinical manifestations of EAE, including neurological signs, motor function, pain, and cognitive deficits. Further results demonstrate the mechanisms of EAE suppression with information relating to the immune system, demyelination, regeneration, and exercise in EAE. The role for neurotrophic factors has also been investigated. Analyzing the existing reports, this literature review infers that EAE is a suitable animal model that can help researchers develop further understanding and treatments for MS. Besides, findings from previous animal studies supports the contention that exercise assists in ameliorating MS progression.