Increasing the level of physical fitness for competition is the primary goal of any conditioning program for wrestlers. Wrestlers often need to peak for competitions several times over an annual training cycle. Additionally, the scheduling of these competitions does not always match an ideal periodization plan and may require a modified training program to achieve a high level of competitive fitness in a short-time frame. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of sprint-interval training (SIT) program, on selected aerobic and anaerobic performance indices, and hormonal and hematological adaptations, when added to the traditional Iranian training of wrestlers in their preseason phase. Fifteen trained wrestlers were assigned to either an experimental (EXP) or a control (CON) group. Both groups followed a traditional preparation phase consisting of learning and drilling technique, live wrestling and weight training for 4 weeks. In addition, the EXP group performed a running-based SIT protocol. The SIT consisted of 6 35-m sprints at maximum effort with a 10-second recovery between each sprint. The SIT protocol was performed in 2 sessions per week, for the 4 weeks of the study. Before and after the 4-week training program, pre and posttesting was performed on each subject on the following: a graded exercise test (GXT) to determine VO(2)max, the velocity associated with V(2)max (νVO(2)max), maximal ventilation, and peak oxygen pulse; a time to exhaustion test (T(max)) at their νVO(2)max; and 4 successive Wingate tests with a 4-minute recovery between each trial for the determination of peak and mean power output (PPO, MPO). Resting blood samples were also collected at the beginning of each pre and posttesting period, before and after the 4-week training program. The EXP group showed significant improvements in VO(2)max (+5.4%), peak oxygen pulse (+7.7%) and T(max) (+32.2%) compared with pretesting. The EXP group produced significant increases in PPO and MPO during the Wingate testing compared with pretesting (p < 0.05). After the 4-week training program, total testosterone and the total testosterone/cortisol ratio increased significantly in the EXP group, whereas cortisol tended to decrease (p = 0.06). The current findings indicate that the addition of an SIT program with short recovery can improve both aerobic and anaerobic performances in trained wrestlers during the preseason phase. The hormonal changes seen suggest training-induced anabolic adaptations.

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Abstract. The majority of in vivo applications of near-infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) monitoring use continuous wave instruments that require a fiberoptic cable connection between the subject and the instrument during monitoring. In studies of muscle physiology where subjects are exercising, and particularly in those who are engaged in sports activity, a wireless instrument with telemetric capacity provides obvious advantages. Having access to reliable telemetric NIRS technology will also increase the practicality and scope of this biomedical monitoring technique in clinical settings.We report the feasibility of using a wireless continuous wave NIRS instrument with light emitting diodes, spatially resolved configuration, and Bluetooth ® capability to study skeletal muscle oxygenation and hemodynamics during isometric contraction and ischemia induction.In ten healthy subjects comparable patterns of change in chromophore concentration (oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin), total hemoglobin and muscle oxygen saturation were observed during 3 sets of isometric voluntary forearm muscle contraction at 10, 30 and 50% of maximum voluntary capacity (MVC), and a period of ischemia generated subsequently.This small series indicates that data with good intra-and inter-subject reproducibility that is free of movement artifact can be obtained with the wireless NIRS instrument described. The validity of these muscle studies demonstrate a basis for applying wireless NIRS monitoring to other biomedical applications.

Background: Overweight and obesity are an important public health problem in society, due to their association with various chronic diseases.

Aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides are believed to play a decisive role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous evidence suggested that exercise contributes to the improvement of cognitive decline and slows down pathogenesis of AD; however, the exact mechanisms for this have not been fully understood. Here, we evaluated the effect of a 4-week moderate treadmill exercise on spatial memory via central and peripheral Aβ clearance mechanisms following developed AD-like neuropathology induced by intra-hippocampal Aβ injection in male Wistar rats. We found Aβ-treated animals showed spatial learning and memory impairment which was accompanied by increased levels of amyloid plaque load and soluble Aβ (sAβ), decreased mRNA and protein expression of neprilysin (NEP), insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) in the hippocampus. Aβ-treated animals also exhibited a higher level of sAβ and a lower level of soluble LRP-1 (sLRP-1) in plasma, as well as a decreased level of LRP-1 mRNA and protein content in the liver. However, exercise training improved the spatial learning and memory deficits, reduced both plaque load and sAβ levels, and up-regulated expression of NEP, IDE, and LRP-1 in the hippocampus of Aβ-treated animals. Aβ-treated animals subjected to treadmill exercise also revealed decreased levels of sAβ and increased levels of sLRP-1 in plasma, as well as increased levels of LRP-1 mRNA and protein in the liver. In conclusion, our findings suggest that exercise-induced improvement in both of central and peripheral Aβ clearance are likely involved in ameliorating spatial learning and memory deficits in an animal model of AD. Future studies need to determine their relative contribution.

Our findings showed that four weeks of swimming training produce beneficial rehabilitative effects on neuropathic pain symptoms. The analgesic effect of swimming training is partially related to the increase of GAD65. The beneficial role of irisin in neuropathic pain will require further investigation.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with type-1 diabetes. Skeletal muscle is the source of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that can mediate muscle hypertrophy and atrophy, while resistance exercise can modulate both muscle mass and muscle cytokine expression. This study determined the effects of a 5-week resistance exercise training regimen on the expression of muscle cytokines in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, with special emphasis on interleukin-15 (IL-15), a muscle-derived cytokine proposed to be involved in muscle hypertrophy or responses to stress. Induction of diabetes reduced muscle weight in both the fast flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and slow soleus muscles, while resistance training preserved FHL muscle weight in diabetic rats. IL-15 protein content was increased by training in both FHL and soleus muscles, as well as serum, in normal and diabetic rats. With regard to proinflammatory cytokines, muscle IL-6 levels were increased in diabetic rats, while training decreased muscle IL-6 levels in diabetic rats; training had no effect on FHL muscle IL-6 levels in healthy rats. Also, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-1β levels were increased by diabetes, but not changed by training. In conclusion, we found that in diabetic rats, resistance training increased muscle and serum IL-15 levels, decreased muscle IL-6 levels, and preserved FHL muscle mass.

Background: Cognitive impairment is common, debilitating, and poorly managed in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Exercise training might have positive effects on cognitive performance in pwMS, yet the overall magnitude, heterogeneity, and potential moderators remain unclear. Objective: This three-level meta-analysis aims to identify the effects of exercise training and those of exercise modalities on global and domain-specific cognitive performance in pwMS. Methods: MEDLINE, PsycInfo, SportDiscus, CENTRAL, and EMBASE were screened for randomized and non-randomized clinical trials from inception to 27 January 2020, yielding 3091 articles. Based on titles and abstracts, 75 articles remained in the selection process. After full-text evaluation, 13 studies were finally selected (PROSPERO pre-registered). Results: The pooled effect of exercise training on the global cognitive performance was null ( g = 0.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): –0.11 to 0.18) and no significant differences were displayed among domains. Heterogeneity within studies was null ([Formula: see text]= 0.0%) and between studies was low ([Formula: see text]= 25.1%). None of the moderators (exercise modalities, age, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), supervision, cognitive domains) reached significance. However, the exercise volume explained most of the overall heterogeneity (slope = 4.651 × 10−5, [Formula: see text] = 100%, [Formula: see text] = 52.34%). Conclusion: These results do not support the efficacy of exercise training on global or domain-specific cognitive performance in pwMS. Future studies are needed to determine whether higher training dose are beneficial.