Amoxicillin (AMX) is a semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotic belonging to the group of penicillins. When ingested, it is partially (about 80–90%) excreted as chemically unchanged via faeces and urine into the domestic sewage and thence discharged to the wastewater treatment plants, which subsequently, removing this substance from the aqueous solution is important. Therefore, the aim of current study was to determine the effects of different optimum conditions of the oxidative coupling calorimetric methods for the quantitative determinations of Amoxicillin. Methods: Amoxicillin was determined via using colorimetric spectrophotometric method in the alkali medium and adding 4-aminoantipyrine to give a panic-colored chromophore which is spectrophotometrically estimated at 509 nm, at room temperature in the presence of ferricyanide ion. Beer’s law is observed in a concentration range 5-100 mgL−1 and linearity(r2=0.9994) according to the proposed conditions. Results: The best concentration of 4AAP was 0.3gm/100 ml and that of the oxidant was 0.3gm/100 ml at the same order. Conclusion: the best results of reagent 4AAP is 0.3g/ml to give high stability indeed highly more absorptivity to enhance measurements and reduce error.
The wide utilize of antibiotics has led to spreading of antibiotics resistance among bacterial populations and reducing the effectiveness of antibiotics. However, most of the administrated antibiotics enter the environmental matrixes through direct runoff and excretion of feces or urine as unchanged original drugs, active metabolites and/or degradation products. Amoxicillin is one of the most valuable and highly consumed antibiotics. Thus, amoxicillin removal from pharmaceutical wastes offers many economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, the aim of current study was to characterize an identification method for amoxicillin and to study the effects of different parameter such as order of addition, nature of the complex, temperature and effect of concentration and type of the base. A spectrophotometric, selective and sensitive method has been proposed for the determination of Amoxicillin. The method is based on the oxidation of potassium ferricyanide and coupling of the oxidized product with the reagent, 4- aminoantipyrine, to give intensely colored complex that absorbs light strongly in the spectral region of 509nm at room temperature. The results found that the order of addition, drug (Amoxicillin)- potassium ferricyanide –base-4- aminoantipyrine, gave highest absorbance and sensitivity, the best base was NaOH (0.1N) needful for developing the colored product and increase its stability. That complex, at 25°C, gave a preferable sensitivity and was selected for further use in this study. Under the proposed optimum conditions, Beer’s law was conform in the concentration range of ( 5-100 mg L−1). Good linearity (r2=0.9994). Calculation of standard error, limit of detection (LOD) (signal/noise = 3), accuracy and precision (RSD%) better than 1%. The utilized method seemed simple, rapid, reproducible and accurate. In addition, it is applicable for the assay of the drug under investigation in various dosage forms and the results are in very good concord with those obtained in previous studies.
A simple, precise and economical procedure for the simultaneous estimation of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride (PHE) and Amoxicillin (AMX) in formulation has been developed. The absorbance values of first derivative spectrum 228,258 nm andm 241 nm and second derivative spectrum 238, 277 nm and 226 nm was used for the estimation of PHE and AMX, respectively without mutual interference. This method obeyed beerand#39;s law in the concentration range mixing of 2-150mgL -1 PHE with 0,20,100 mgL -1 AMX and 2-240 mgL -1 AMX with 0,20,100 mgL -1 PHE and the second derivative depends on first derivative of the ratios spectra. The proposed methods are extensively validated. All the described methods can be readily utilized for analysis of pharmaceutical formulations.
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