Херсонський державний аграрно-економічний університет С. В. КОКОВІХІН, доктор сільськогосподарських наук Інститут зрошуваного землеробства НААН В. О. ЧАБАН, кандидат сільськогосподарських наук Херсонська державна морська академія С. О. ЛАВРЕНКО, кандидат сільськогосподарських наук А. В. ШЕПЕЛЬ, кандидат сільськогосподарських наук Херсонський державний аграрно-економічний університет У статті проаналізовані багаторічні експериментальні дані ефективності багаторічного вирощування шавлії лікарської та вплив агротехнічних приймів вирощування на водно-фізичні властивості темнокаштанового залишково-солонцюватого ґрунту. Рівень урожайності суцвіть шавлії мускатної під час збору був стабільним упродовж трьох років використання. У середньому в перший рік вона складала -9,51, за другий рік -9,38, третій -9,69 т/га. На четвертому році використання посівів (п'ятий рік життя) середня врожайність знизилася до 1,40 т/га. Найвищий умовний збір ефірної олії -51,1 кг/га забезпечило внесення мінеральних добрив нормою N 60 P 90 . Скошування суцвіть культури доцільно проводити або у ранішні (з 6 до 11) або в вечірні години (з 19 до 22). Вдень (з 11 до 19 години) скошування суцвіть культури не проводити. Ключові слова: шавлія мускатна, обробіток ґрунту, строк сівби, ширина міжряддя, мінеральні добрива, водопроникність ґрунту, урожайність, олія. Постановка проблеми. Однією з причин, яка не дає стрімкого розвитку виробництва лікарських трав -це глобальні кліматичні зміни, дефіцит водних ресурсів та зростання вартості енергоресурсів [2]. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. За даними NASA у 2016-2019 рр. температура поверхні Землі сягнула максимальних показників з часу yield decreased to 1,40 t/ha. The application of mineral fertilizers contributed to the increase of essential oil synthesized by plants. Against the natural background of fertility, the highest conditional harvest was 5,05 kg/ha. The application of mineral fertilizers by the N 60 P 30 norm led to an increase in the rate to 14,45 kg/ha. The highest conditional harvest of essential oil -51,1 kg/ha provided the application of mineral fertilizers by the rate of N 60 P 90 . It is advisable to mow the inflorescences of the culture either in the morning (from 6 to 11) or in the evening (from 19 to 22). In the afternoon (from 11 to 19 oclock) mowing of inflorescences of culture not to spend.
In the article technological methods energy and economic evaluation of growing sage in southern steppe of Ukraine conditions have been analysed. The economists’ views on the raw medicinal herbs under drip irrigation formation of efficient production have been considered. The analysis of previous agronomic studies on the cultivation of crops under drip irrigation has allowed us to conclude that there are no such results on the plantations of Salvia sclarea. The yield level of Salvia sclarea inflorescences was stable during the first three years of using, on the average in the first year it was 9.51 t/ha, in the second year it was 9.38 t/ha, in the third year it was 9.69 t/ha. Only in the fourth year of crops using (the fifth year of life) the yield was decreasing sharply. On the basis of yield data, the calculation and analysis of such indicators as energy efficiency, energy intensity of growing 1 kg of inflorescences and the conditional net profit when growing sage in drip irrigation in southern Ukraine. The maximum values of energy efficiency ratio were obtained in the first year of using and sowing in the first decade of December against the background of N60P90 - 3,25 application. When the crops sowing was postponed to the first decade of April, this indicator decreased twice to 1.59. In our experiment the minimum values of energy ratio of Salvia sclarea growing technology were obtained in the fourth year of plantation using. The classical indicators which reflect the economic and energy efficiency level of inflorescences of nutmeg production at long-term use of a culture plantation culture have been analysed. The analysis of the factors which influence for efficiency change of cultivation of culture was carried out. The mechanism of efficiency increase of cultivation of sage nutmeg in the conditions of the southern Steppe of Ukraine has been offered.
Crop irrigation on chernozems inappropriate to ecological requirements is often accompanied by degradation changes of soils: flooding, secondary salinization and soil alkalinity, destructurization, violation of gas regime, dehumidification, etc. Thus the necessity occurred to study comprehensively the changes in agroecological state of soils, having been irrigated with mineral water under conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. It has been proved that the irrigated soil solonization is a widespread negative process on irrigated lands, which is determined by the qualitative composition of irrigation water, the initial soil properties, which determines their anti solonization buffering, depth of occurrence, and mineralization of groundwater. According to the latest publications, the area of irrigated solonizated soils of Ukraine is almost 800 thousand hectares, of which more than 700 thousand hectares are poorly solonizated, about 90 thousand hectare are medium and high solonizated. Field experiments, based on the state enterprise "Experimental farm of Dnipro experimental station of the Institute of vegetable and melon growing of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine" (Oleksandrivka village of Dniprovsky district, Dnipropetrovsk region, 2010-2015), included 4 variants and two factors: phosphogypsum application as a chemical ameliorant by various dosages under irrigation and without it. Analysis of the water extraction of soil in all variants of experiments showed an increase in water-soluble salts (sulfates by anions, calcium by cations) when calcium-containing meliorants are introduced. However, phosphogypsum application with different dosages did not significantly affect the type of soil salinity. In all experiments with phosphogypsum application the largest number of anions was in sulfate type of salinity, and cations in sodium one, which is explained by the inflow of these ions with irrigation water and phosphogypsum. Exceptions are checklists. According to the content of toxic salts, all variants ranged from 0.3% to 0.6%, that is, according to the sulfate type, they were characterized by an average degree of soil salinity. The introduction of phosphogypsum on irrigated alkalinized soils under irrigation and without it, leads to an increase in the total amount of salts in the soil layer of 0 to 15 cm in comparison with the initial parameters (up to 4.22 meq/100 g of soil). When phosphogypsum was applied at a rate of 6 t/ha without irrigation, salt accumulation in the layer 45-60 cm was observed, and when irrigated and introduced phosphogypsum at a rate of 3 t/ha salt was concentrated in a layer of 75-60 cm. In the soil layer 90-105 cm, the amount of salts was leveled to the initial conditions. Chemical melioration results to increase Ca +2 ions throughout the soil profile. Concentration of sodium ions in the application of phosphogypsum in the arable soil layer decreased by 30-37% due to the increase of calcium ion and displacement of sodium sulfate in the lower horizons.
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