Two greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of dried leaf powder and extractives (ethanolic, and aqueous extracts) of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) or organic fertilizer (vermicompost) and two commercial products namely BioNematon (Purpureocillium lilacinum) and Abamectin, Gold (Streptomyces avermitilis) on eggplant growth parameters and Meloidogyne incognita infection. In both experiments observed data revealed that combined applications showed better performance than did single ones. Eggplant growth parameters in terms of fresh shoot and root lengths, and shoot and root weights were remarkably improved with single application of Abamectin or BioNematon followed by plant extracts or vermicompost resulting in a significant (P<0.05) suppression in nematode population in soil and root as well as the number of galls and egg masses. However, the potential of bioagent was increased with the addition of Moringa leaf powder and significantly (P<0.05) enhanced eggplant growth and suppressed nematode population, root galling and female fecundity even no significant differences were recorded compared to Oxamyl. Vermicompost derived from municipal wastes showed a low C/N ratio (1:14) with an excess of nitrogen that exhibited nematicidal activity against M.incognita. The addition of vermicompost with such bio-agents showed a synergistic effect upon nematode population, root galling and number of females. Significant differences whether in plant growth or nematode reproduction were not detected compared to Oxamyl. Thus the current study revealed the potential of leaf powder and extractives of Moringa, vermicompost, P.lilacinum and S.avermitilis as safe alternatives to control M.incognita infecting eggplant through an integrated management program and bring sustainability to agriculture.

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A pot experiment was conducted to determine the influence of three of inoculum levels (1000, 2000 and 3000 J2 pot(-1)) of Meloidogyne javanica on nematode reproduction and host response of peanut plant cv. Giza 4 under greenhouse conditions at 30 +/- 5 degrees C. In general, nematode reproduction and host damage were both affected by the initial inoculum levels. The greater reduction percentage of plant fresh (57.7%), shoot dry (38.82) and pods weights (52.59%) and nodules numbers (73.33%) were recorded at inoculum level 2000 J2/peanut plant, when rate of nematode build-up reached the maximum value of 1.64. Regression analysis of Pi vs. rate of nematode build-up on peanut plants gave value of R2 amounted to 0.3193. On the other hand, when the initial inoculum level added increased up to 3000 J2/peanut plant, the percentage reduction of whole plant fresh weight (47.07%) and other growth parameters as well as nematode build-up (0.8) also obviously decreased.

A survey of plant parasitic nematodes associated with the rhizosphere of cotton cvs. Giza 86 and 45 grown in fourteen locations of Dakahlia and Damaita governorates was carriedout during the cotton growing seasons of 2005 and 2006, , in addition, a pot experiment was conducted to determine host suitability of three cotton cultivars i.e. Giza 86, 89 and Giza 45 to Meloidogyne incognita infection under greenhouse condition at 30±5ºC . Twelve nematode genera were recorded in cotton fields surveyed in Dakahlia governorate, whereas nine nematode genera only for those of Damaita governorate. Based on their frequency of occurrence these genera can be arranged in descending order as follows: Tylenchus (46.3%), Tylenchorhynchus (39.7%), Xiphinema(23.9%), Meloidogyne (19.0%), Rotylenchus (10.7), Hirschmanniella (9.1%), Trichodorus (8.25%) ,Hoplolaimus(7.49%), Rotylenchulus (7.4%), Helicotylenchus (4.9%) , Psilenchus (1.6%) and Pratylenchus (0.82%),for Dakahlia , whereas Meloidogyne (68.0%) , Tylenchus (64.0%), Tylenchorhynchus (60.0%), Heterodera (38.0%), Dorylaimus (14.0%), Hirschmanniella (10.0%), Helicotylenchus (8.0%) ,Aphelenchus ( 8.0%0) and Psilenchus (2.0%) for Damiata. cotton cv. Giza 86 appeared to encounter the highest number of nematode genera (10) while Giza 45 gained (5) only. Screening of the selected cotton cultivars against M. incognita infection revealed that plant growth parameters tested were obviously affected to a certain extent, where cotton cv. Giza 89 showed the least percentage reduction for shoot and root lengths, and total plant fresh and shoot dry weights with values of 4.9, 7.5, 2.5 and 0.44%, respectively, On the other hand, cotton cv. Giza 86 and 45 recorded the highest percentage reduction values for the same growth parameters. Based on root-gall index and R factor of M. incognita infecting cotton cultivars tested, Giza 89 was scored as resistant while Giza 45 as well as Giza 86 were scored as susceptible hosts since their root gall indices were 2, 5 and 4 with R factor values of 0.4, 2.31 and1.11, respectively.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the reaction of nine malvaceae cultivars i.e. cotton cvs. Giza 86, 70, 90 and 89; okra, cvs Hyper Doki 1& 2 and Ismaily; and rosella, cvs. Hardy and Sabahia 17 to Meloidogyne incognita infection through certain plant growth parameters and nematode criteria. Results indicated that all tested plant growth parameters were obviously reduced by M. incognita infection at various degrees. Of the tested Malvaceae, plant growth parameters such as total plant fresh weights showed the highest reduction percentage values appointed 36.19 and 34.32% by cotton cvs. Giza 90& Giza 86 ; 32.41% for okra cv. Hyper Dokki 1 and 31.54% by rosella cv, Sabahia17, respectively. Meanwhile, their least values of the same criterion assigned 18.70 and 19.81% for cotton cvs, Giza 89 & Giza 70 and 21.81% for okra cv. Ismaily, respectively. Due to the relationship between reduction percentage of plant growth and reproduction factor (RF), Okra cv. Ismaily and rosella cv. Hardy were classified as moderately resistant and intolerant hosts, respectively, whereas cotton cvs. Giza 90 & 86 ; Okra cv. Hyper Dokki 1 and rosella cv. Sabahia 17 were rated as highly susceptible hosts. Meanwhile, cotton cv. Giza 89 & 70 and Okra cv. Hyper Dokki 2 were scored as susceptible hosts to M. incognita infection, since their percentage reduction in total plant fresh weights were amounted to 18.70% & 19.81% and 24.44% and associated with R factor values of 1.6, 1.8, and 1.3 (R≥1), respectively.

Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the nematicidal activity of certain alkaloid plants namely, periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), datura (Datura stramonium), lupin (Lupinus albus), pomegranate (Punica granatum) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) infecting cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var.cantaloupensis). Dried powdered parts of such plants were screened at three rates (1, 3 and 5g / plant). In most treatments data indicated a positive correlation between tested rates and plant biomass. Dried leaf powder of C. roseus (62.5%) as well as dried seed powder of L. albus ( 52.8%), and T. foenum-graecum ( 43.2 %) induced remarkable improvement in total plant fresh weight of cucumber at the rate of 5g/plant. However, dried leaf powder of D. stramonium (41.4%) recorded a significant increase in total plant fresh weight at the rate of 3g/plant. By all treatments of alkaloid plants root-knot nematode population whether in soil and roots, root galling and number of egg masses were significantly suppressed. Dried leaf powder of C. roseus at three tested rates (71.8, 71.6 and 72.6%) performed the best and suppressed total nematode population of M. incognita followed by T. foenumgraceum at 5g/plant (70.1%). On the other hand, a slight to moderate improvement in plant growth parameters of cantaloupe infected with R. reniformis was indicated in pots receiving alkaloids plants. The highest percentage of increase in total plant fresh weight was noticed with dried leaf powder of C. roseus at three tested rates (28.5, 31.4 and 32.6%) respectively. The best protection of cantaloupe against R. reniformis was recorded with dried seed powder of T. foenum-graecum (57.9, 65.2 and 75.0%) and P. granatum (55.4, 55.9 and 61.7%) at three tested rates, respectively which ultimately suppressed R. reniformis population.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of certain soil organic matters i.e. poultry or horse manures or dried-leaf powders of periwinkle (Chatharanthus roseus) or castor (Ricinus communis) in comparison with oxamyl against Meloidogyne incognita on Egyptian cotton cv. Giza 45 in vivo. Five grams of each soil organic amendments were separately added to cotton seedlings cultivated in pots, as well as oxamyl at the recommended dose, one day before nematode inoculation process. Results revealed that all tested materials significantly improved plant growth parameters and reduced nematode population density, number of galls, females and egg-masses on roots of cotton plants. Of the tested organic matters, poultry manure achieved the highest percentage increase in plant length, shoot dry weight and fresh weight of whole plant with values of 54.4, 74.7and 37.2%, respectively, followed by perwinkle powder for the first two parameters with values of 51.0 and 65.9%, respectively, whereas, castor powder for the later parameter with value of 44.7% as compared with nematode alone. Moreover, oxamyl treatment ranked first in percentage increase values of shoot dry weight (87.9%) and fresh weight of whole plant (62.5%), respectively, and second to poultry manure treatment with value of plant length (58.0%) comparing to nematode alone. In addition, nonsignificant differences between all tested organic matters regarding nematode parameters were noticed. However, oxamyl application surpassed them in suppressing nematode population density (68.9%), number of galls (67.6%) and eggmasses (65.8%), respectively, as compared with nematode alone. Meanwhile, among the organic matters tested, pots received poultry manure showed the highest percentage reduction in nematode population density (53.3%), followed by horse manure (51.3%), then periwinkle powder (50.4%), and castor powder (49.4%), as compared with nematode alone. These results demonstrated the potential of such organic matters to protect cotton plant against M. incognita under greenhouse conditions.

The host suitability of ten medicinal plant species i.e. carnation, celery, coriander, dill, geranium, peppermint, periwinkle, rose geranium, thorn apple and thyme to Meloidogyne incognita infection indicated that none of the tested plant species was immune and the incidence varied from plant species to another. Their host category was determined through the relationship between host plant growth response (% reduction of total plant fresh weight) or gall index and nematode reproduction factor (RF). Carnation and thyme were rated as highly susceptible (HS) or susceptible (S) hosts, since their plant growth parameters were highly affected along with reproduction factor >1. Rose geranium was rated as moderately intolerant (IT) or moderately resistant (MR), since its plant growth character was moderately affected along with reproduction factor <1. Geranium was rated as fairly resistant (FR) or (MR), since its plant growth criterion was moderately affected with reproduction factor >1. Dill, celery, coriander, thorn apple and periwinkle were classified as resistant (R) or moderately resistant (MR)hosts, since their plant growth were not affected with reproduction factors <1, depending upon the host suitability designations used.