Two greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of dried leaf powder and extractives (ethanolic, and aqueous extracts) of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) or organic fertilizer (vermicompost) and two commercial products namely BioNematon (Purpureocillium lilacinum) and Abamectin, Gold (Streptomyces avermitilis) on eggplant growth parameters and Meloidogyne incognita infection. In both experiments observed data revealed that combined applications showed better performance than did single ones. Eggplant growth parameters in terms of fresh shoot and root lengths, and shoot and root weights were remarkably improved with single application of Abamectin or BioNematon followed by plant extracts or vermicompost resulting in a significant (P<0.05) suppression in nematode population in soil and root as well as the number of galls and egg masses. However, the potential of bioagent was increased with the addition of Moringa leaf powder and significantly (P<0.05) enhanced eggplant growth and suppressed nematode population, root galling and female fecundity even no significant differences were recorded compared to Oxamyl. Vermicompost derived from municipal wastes showed a low C/N ratio (1:14) with an excess of nitrogen that exhibited nematicidal activity against M.incognita. The addition of vermicompost with such bio-agents showed a synergistic effect upon nematode population, root galling and number of females. Significant differences whether in plant growth or nematode reproduction were not detected compared to Oxamyl. Thus the current study revealed the potential of leaf powder and extractives of Moringa, vermicompost, P.lilacinum and S.avermitilis as safe alternatives to control M.incognita infecting eggplant through an integrated management program and bring sustainability to agriculture.

The present study was conducted to investigate the distribution of selected metals (Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu) in tissues of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) grown along El-Khadrawia drain-Mubark industrial Zone. The tissues analyzed included muscle and liver. Results showed metal concentrations in water followed a richness of: Fe> Zn> Cu> Pb >Cd mg/l (p < 0.05) while Fe> Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd mg/Kg dry wt. (p < 0.05) in muscles and liver tissues in winter season. Metal levels in muscles follow the level: Zn>Fe>Cu> Pb>Cd mg/Kg dry wt. (p < 0.05), while in liver they follow the level: Fe > Zn > Cu>Pb>Cd mg/Kg dry wt. (p < 0.05) in summer season. The presence of heavy metals led to significant decrease in nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) contents in liver tissue during summer season (p<0.05). So, the study showed that muscles of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) along El-Khadrawia drain are not safe from contamination with the metals investigated.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), was reared on three diflerent kinds of ti.JOd under laboratory conditions at 25 ± I 0 C. Its lite cycle averaged 14.39 and 16.04 days: 13.34 and 14.43 days 15.26 and 16.91 days ti.1r male. and temale when !Cd on egg masses of the root knot nematode, Meloidogvne incognita (Ko!(Jid and White) Chitwood, dty cheese and yeast. respectively. Female life span averaged 39.78, 42.52 and 44.00 days: while that of male was 24.34, 23.47 and 27.82 days on the previously mentioned food, respectively. The highest Ro value 288.22 of expected female progeny per female was obtained with yeast, followed by 196.34 and 65.59 i(Jr dry cheese and \/ incognita egg masses, respectively. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and subsequently, the finite rate of increase (ctrn) averaged 0.236-1.26 : 0.224 -1.25 and 0.187 -1.20 when T putrescentiae was provided with cheese, yeast and J/. incognita egg masses, respectively.

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of six commercial nematicides with ten formulations namely ethoprophos (Todabeet®, Root Phos®, and Nemafeng®), fenamiphos (Javelin®), fosthiazate (Capsul pro®), cadusafos (Rugby®), oxamyl (Mass Tode®, Oxyle®, and Canzakel®), and bionematicide abamectin (Namazoho®) against Meloidogyne incognita on sugar beet plants based on numbers of galls and juveniles (J2s) as well as plant growth characteristics. The nematicides were applied to the soil at the recommended dosage rate. All nematicides caused a significant reduction in the number of J2s and root galls with different levels of efficacy. However, ethoprophos (Todabeet ®) and ethoprophos (Root Phos®) had the highest nematicidal effect with a 100 % reduction in the number of juveniles in soil and galls, while oxamyl (Mass Tode®) and cadusafos (Rugby®) were relatively least effective causing 63.2 and 65.91 %; 64.6 and 69.5 %; reduction in J2s population and galling, respectively. Abamectin (Namazoho®), fenamiphos (Javelin®), ethoprophos (Nemafeng®), oxamyl (Oxyle®), oxamyl (Canzakel®), and fosthiazate (Capsul pro®) ranked intermediate in descending order by 89.4 and 87.5%; 88.3 and 89.77 %; 87.2 and 95.45 %; 84.4 and 87.5 %; 70.1 and 63.64 %; 68.9 and 59.09 % reduction in J2s population and galling, respectively. Also, all of the nematicides significantly increased plant length, fresh weight, and shoot dry weight. Ethoprophos (Root Phos®) had the highest increase effect. However, all nematicides significantly decreased N, P, K, and total chlorophyll content compared to the control, while abamectin had the highest decrease effect.

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