Quality primary education has become a first and foremost matter of concern of our country in the twenty-first century. In Bangladesh, achievement in primary education is tremendous, though there is a question in quality education. In this case, there are numerous problems that resist the process of quality education at the primary level and lack of effective academic supervision is one of them. The study is descriptive in nature and it collects relevant data and information from secondary sources through content analysis. The study highlights on the general role and functionalities of the Assistant Upazila (sub-district) Education Officer (AUEO) as a supervisor in improving the teaching-learning process and to improve quality primary education. It tries to make a conceptual analysis on different aspects of academic supervisor, quality education in school, supervision and inspection, quality assurance as well as teaching-learning. The study reveals that low support and morale, inspection rather than academic supervision, lack of dedication and professionalism, etc are the main issues of academic supervision which hamper quality primary education in Bangladesh. The study recommends that AUEO’s role as a supervisor should assist the execution of the numerous roles and functionalities which will progress the teaching-learning situation in the input process to improve quality primary education in Bangladesh.
Assessments for the techno-economic viability of the hybrid renewable energy system have been stimulated due to the frequent price hike and falls of fossil fuels, the derivatives generated during the burning of the fuels that are emitted into the environment, and the very high installation cost of the present day’s conventional photovoltaic energy system. This paper reports on the techno-economic performance assessments of a hybrid renewable energy system for a rural healthcare center in Bangladesh. These healthcare centers are essential for the residents of rural areas in Bangladesh. In this regard, a microgrid solar hybrid photovoltaic system has been designed to power a healthcare center in Gangachara Upazila (sub-district), Rangpur district, a northwest region in Bangladesh. The rooftop PV system comprises 400 Wp solar panels, a 25 kW bi-directional inverter, a 28 kW generator, connecting wires, a mounting system, and related accessories. In this assessment, state-of-the-art PV design software, HOMER Powering Health Tool, has been utilized for estimating the load requirements and for techno-economic and environmental evaluation of the microgrid system. The load analysis revealed that a 32 kW grid–connected solar PV system was required for the selected healthcare and the estimated net present cost was US$ 33,818, with a levelized cost of energy was US$ 0.022.
Surface modification is necessary to decrease graphene's (GN) stacking process and increase its advantageous properties. In this study, the effects of acid treatment and grinding processes on the structural integrity of GN have been studied. Morphological and structural characteristics of modified GN were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, gas Pycnometer, particle size analyzer, X-ray diffractometer, UV-Vis spectroscopy and thermal conductivity measurement system which expose some strong evidences of the effects of purification and grinding process on GN nanoparticles in order to get GN based better nanofluid dispersed in water which gives 1.66% and 3.38% enhancement of thermal conductivity at 20 °C and at 40 °C respectively compared to that of DW in this experiment.
This study aimed to investigate a techno-economic evaluation of the photovoltaic system, along with a diesel generator as a backup supply, to ensure a continuous twenty-four hours power supply per day, no matter the status of the weather. Healthcare centers in Bangladesh play a vital role in the health issues of the residents of rural areas. In this regard, a healthcare center in Baliadangi—Lahiri Hat Rd, Baliadangi, Thakurgaon, Bangladesh, was selected to be electrically empowered. The simulation software Hybrid Optimisation Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) and the HOMER Powering Health tool were used to analyze and optimize the renewable energy required by the healthcare center. It was found that the healthcare center required a 24.3 kW solar PV system with a net current cost of $28,705.2; the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) was $0.02728 per kW-hours, where renewable energy would provide 98% of the system’s total power requirements. The generator would provide 1% and the grid would supply the remaining 1%. The load analysis revealed that the hybrid PV system might be superior to other power sources for providing electricity for both the normal function and the emergencies that arise in healthcare’s day-to-day life. The outcome of the study is expected to be beneficial for both government and other stakeholders in decision-making.
High-thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluid is one of the promising topics of the nanoscience research field. This work reports the experimental study on the preparation of graphene (GN) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based nanofluids with the assistance of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants, and their thermal behaviors. The present work suggests not a solution, but a solution approach and deduces a new conclusion by trying to resolve the agglomeration problem and improve the dispersibility of nanoparticles in the base fluid. The analysis results of FESEM, thermal conductivity, diffusivity, effusivity and heat transfer coefficient enhancement ratio of nanofluid with surfactants SDS and SDBS expose strong evidence of the dispersing effect of surfactant on the making of nanofluid.
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