Acute viral respiratory infections (AVRI) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among all age groups globally. Except for Influenza virus and Respiratory Syncytial virus, mostly viral aetiology of AVRI remains undiagnosed. Lately, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have emerged as an important aetiology of AVRI. A laboratory based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted in which respiratory samples (throat swabs) of patients (n = 864), with Influenza negative SARI, of all age groups between Jan 2011-Dec 2012 were tested for HCoVs including MERS-CoV using Conventional and real time PCR assays. The prevalence of HCoV among SARI cases was 1.04% (9/864) [95% CI: 0.36-1.72]. Of these four (44.44%) were identified as HCoV OC43, three (33.33%) as HCoV NL63 and two (22.22%) as HCoV 229E. No HCoV HKU1 was detected. The samples were also negative for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The results of this study documents low prevalence of human coronaviruses in SARI cases in south western India and the absence of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. As the study included only SARI cases the prevalence reported could be an under estimate when it is extrapolated to community.
Dengue is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae). This mosquito-borne virus is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, with Aedes aegypti being the predominant vector. An infection with any dengue serotype provides immunity against that particular serotype, but not against different dengue serotypes (1). Asian genotypes of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) and serotype 3 (DENV-3) are frequently associated with severe disease manifestations, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) (2).Dengue infections are widely prevalent in India, where all 4 serotypes are found. Outbreaks have been reported from rural areas of Haryana, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra (3). Although outbreaks in India were mainly due to DENV-2 and DENV-3, dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) was the predominant serotype reported in the 2010 Delhi outbreak. The circulating genotypes of DENV-1 have been less extensively studied worldwide (4), and there is a scarcity of available literature regarding the currently circulating DENV-1 strains from South West India. In this context, we decided to undertake a laboratory-based study to determine the circulating genotypes of DENV-1 strains.The Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC) of Manipal University (Manipal, Karnataka, India) approved the protocol (IEC 308 2016), and the samples archived be- The initial reverse transcription was carried out at 50 C for 30 min, followed by denaturation at 95 C for 15 min. The cDNA was amplified by 40 cycles of denaturation (94 C, 30 s), primer annealing (57 C, 90 s), and primer extension (72 C, 30 s), with a final extension at 72 C for 5 min. The PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1 (w v) agarose gel. RT-PCR positive samples were purified using the QIAquick ® PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). The purified PCR products were directly sequenced using specific primers and the Big Dye Terminator Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA,USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions, in a 3500 XL genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems).A total of eight DENV-1 E gene sequences were analyzed in this study. Phylogenetic analysis of DENV-1 was further carried out using MEGA7 software (http: www.megasoftware.net ). The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum-likelihood method, and the reliability of the tree was tested by the bootstrap method (1,000 replicates). SUMMARY:Dengue is the most prevalent arboviral disease affecting humans, with tropical and subtropical regions having the highest risk of dengue virus infections. The clinical symptoms often range from mild fever to fever with hemorrhagic manifestations and shock. Since 2010, India has been witnessing a marked increase in the number of dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) infections, apart from those of serotypes 2 (DENV-2) and 3 (DENV-3). The present study was undertaken to understand the circulating genotypes of DENV-1 in South West India, by sequencing the envelope gene of DENV-1 samples representative of th...
In the year 1930s, acrylic resins were established. The materials used for denture base are vulcanite, celluloid & phenol-formaldehyde. The limitations were founded those were high coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal shrinkage, poor colour stability of self-cured resins, porosity, crazing, warpage, poor adhesion to metal and porcelain retention. Denture base resins are widely used till date as it has its own significance. But recently there has been much advancement in the denture base resin field to control and to invent a new denture base resin. Methyl methacrylate chemical compound of denture base resins was changed with many monomers to attain higher physicomechanical properties while not compromising the biocompatibility. However, there is not any consensus on the most effective strategy to attain the best changed chemical compound, to identify and evaluate the variations within the properties between typical and changed monomers and to verify the effect of many variables on the properties of dental plate base acrylic. The present review shows the different advancements in the area of denture base resins.
Covid 19 is considered to be a pandemic virus infection. SARS-Cov-2 causes it. It is a viral infection that is transmitted through aerosol and droplet contamination, cross-infection, etc. Dentists are at a higher risk due to this corona. It has affected daily routines of dentist's life as they are unavailable to run the clinic and attend to patients. Different search engines like PubMed, and Google Scholar was used. The questionnaire consisting of twenty questions was prepared by using online survey google forms and circulated among the participants. SPSS software was used to evaluate the results and data collection. Statistical analysis was done by chi-square test. Later, results were being tabulated. This survey that is taken among dental students, dentists, and random public, it is seen that the majority of them are well aware of this recent pandemic attack. (COVID-19). It is concluded that dentists are affected to a significant extent due to coronavirus as their daily routine is affected severely. This study aims to identify the effect on dentist life on a routine basis due to the pandemic COVID - 19.
The study aims to know about the Precautions to be taken in public during this pandemic; COVID-19. Pandemic is a worldwide spread of disease and Covid-19 which has been told as a pandemic was first found in Wuhan, A place in China. As this is pandemic, it is important to control this virus. Government has implemented various measures like self-quarantine, social distancing, lockdown, etc. in preventing this virus and also various other measures have been implemented during this pandemic. A thorough literature search was performed using the database like Pubmed, google scholar, BioRxiv, MESH, Cochran database using the keywords ‘COVID -19‘,’ pandemic 'and ‘Precautions ‘ with no date and year restrictions. The language is restricted to English. 15 articles with similar data have been found which were analyzed and have been included in this study. It is very important to know pathophysiology, mode of transmission, precautions taken by the government during this pandemic to create knowledge about this pandemic which will be discussed in this study with the data collected from the articles collected.
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