Citronella oil (Cymbopogon nardus) is an essential oil which useful as an antibacterial that is usually provided in the form of macroemulsion for topical use. absorption of macroemulsion through the skin relatively low, thermodynamically is not stable and can produce a separate phase in the storage period. The one of development emulsion system to get better characteristics is to form a microemulsion. Microemulsion is an oil and water dispersion stable thermodynamically stabilized by surfactants and in some cases a cosurfactant. The objective of this study was to formulatecitronella oil in the form of a stable microemulsion using nonionic surfactant. Optimization of the type and amount of emulsifier (surfactant) was required to formulate a stable microemulsion. In this study, microemulsion was evaluated during a month. Type and concentration of surfactant, cosurfactant, Citronella oil (Cymbopogon nardus) and water was optimized. A stable citronella oil microemulsion was successfully created with composition of 15% PEG 400 as cosurfactant, 15% tween 80 as surfactant, 2-4% Citronella oil as oil phase and 10% glycerin as humectant and distilled water as aqueous phase. From the observation, microemulsion formula has clear appearance but physically unstable during a month storage.
Siam weed leaves are one of the plants that function as wound medicine. This study aims to produce a stable ointment dosage form. Siamese weed leaf extract is formulated in the form of ointment with a variety of bases consisting of a hydrocarbon base, absorption, water soluble and emulsion. Evaluation of physical stability includes organoleptic testing, homogeneity, pH, dispersion, viscosity and flow properties carried out before and after forced conditions. Forced conditions were carried out with stock storage for 10 cycles at 50 and 350. The results of the analysis showed that the viscosity of the preparations in all formulas changed after storage at 50 and 350 for 5 days. However, the statistical results show that all formulas did not experience significant changes between before and after the stress condition treatment.
Palm fruit (Arenga pinnata) contains galactomannan which has the potential as an antioxidant activity with an IC 50 value of 20,45 ppm. This study aims to produce cream dosage forms with antioxidant activity using the scaverry DPPH radical scavenger method from arenga pinnata water extract. Palm fruit water extract is formulated in cream form with variations in the concentration of stearic acid and triethanolamine emulgators in F1 (6:4), F2 (7:3), and F3 (8:2). Evaluation of physical stability includes organoleptic testing, homogeneity, pH, emulsion type, viscosity and type of flow carried out before and after forced conditions. In the statistical analysis of viscosity, the results of each formula showed no significant changes both before and after the conditions were forced. The results of the study obtained formula 2 and formula 3 has optimal stability. The stable formula was then tested for antioxidants using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenger method. Formula 2 and formula 3 each yield a DPPH radical inhibition percentage of 65% and 48.04%.
Siam weed leaves are one of the plants that function as wound medicine. This study aims to produce a stable ointment dosage form. Siamese weed leaf extract is formulated in the form of ointment with a variety of bases consisting of a hydrocarbon base, absorption, water soluble and emulsion. Evaluation of physical stability includes organoleptic testing, homogeneity, pH, dispersion, viscosity and flow properties carried out before and after forced conditions. Forced conditions were carried out with stock storage for 10 cycles at 50 and 350. The results of the analysis showed that the viscosity of the preparations in all formulas changed after storage at 50 and 350 for 5 days. However, the statistical results show that all formulas did not experience significant changes between before and after the stress condition treatment.
Antioxidants are used to prevent the oxidation of free radical compounds which have a bad impact on the body, including the skin. One source of antioxidants derived from natural ingredients is Moringa leaves. Moringa leaves have a number of benefits due to the many active chemical compounds. The antioxidant activity of Moringa leaves can be optimized by developing Moringa leaves into a gel dosage form. A literature review regarding the compound content and activity of Moringa leaves was carried out to obtain scientific data that can be used in the development of Moringa leaves as an antioxidant. Narrative review with data sources from Science Direct, Pubmed, CiterSeerX, and Google Scholars. The Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set to obtain literature according to the scope of the study. The results of the literature review showed that Moringa leaves contain the main active compounds of polyphenols and flavonoids which have strong antioxidant activity. Gel dosage form is one of the best choices to optimize the antioxidant activity of Moringa leaves. HPMC, carbopol and xanthan gum are gelling agent was produced a gel preparation with good pharmaceutical characteristics.
Proses hiperpigmentasi melibatkan aktivitas suatu enzim, yaitu tirosinase. Salah satu tanaman yang berfungsi sebagai antihiperpigmentasi adalah biji buah lengkeng karena mengandung asam galat, glikosida flavon, dan hidroksinamat dengan kandungan utama flavon dimana asam galat memiliki aktivitas sebagai inhibitor enzim tirosinase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan suatu formula krim antihiperpigmentasi ekstrak biji buah lengkeng (Euphoria longan [Lour]) yang stabil dan memiliki sifat farmaseutik yang baik berdasarkan evaluasi kestabilan serta tidak mengiritasi kulit. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimental laboratorium. Krim antihiperpigmentasi dengan variasi konsentrasi bahan pengemulsi Triethanolamin dan Asam Stearat dibuat dalam 2 formula. Formula 1 dengan konsentrasi Triethanolamin : Asam Stearat sebesar 2% : 6% dan formula 2 sebesar 3% : 9%. Hasil penelitian pada kedua formula menunjukkan bahwa pada pengujian organoleptik tidak mengalami perubahan bau, warna dan konsistensi sebelum dan sesudah kondisi dipaksakan, pada pengukuran pH menujukkan bahwa kedua formula memiliki pH yang sama yaitu pH 7 sebelum kondisi dipaksakan dan pH 7,9 sesudah kondisi dipaksakan, pada pengujian homogenitas menunjukkan formula homogen, pada pengujian tipe emulsi menunjukkan bahwa kedua formula mempunyai tipe emulsi m/a sebelum dan sesudah kondisi dipaksakan, pada pengujian daya sebar menunjukkan peningkatan daya sebar, Reogram kedua formula menunjukkan aliran plastis dan pada pengujian iritasi menunjukkan tidak terjadi iritasi baik iritasi primer maupun iritasi sekunder. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa ekstrak biji buah lengkeng dapat dibuat dalam bentuk krim antihiperpigmentasi yang memenuhi pengujian kestabilan farmaseutik namun formula 2 menunjukkan kestabilan yang optimal dan sifat farmaseutik yang baik dibandingkan formula 1. Selain itu penggunaan 1% esktrak tidak mengiritasi kulit sehingga aman digunakan pada kulit.
Objective: Thymoquinone is a main component of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.) with various pharmacological activities, but has poor stability and bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to carry out the preparation and characterization of timoquinone nanoparticles PEGylation. Methods: The Thymoquinone nanoparticles (TQ-NP) were made with PEGylation using PEG 6000 with the concentrations on each preparation of 3 mM (A), 4 mM (B), and 5 mM (C) then were evaluated by the parameter of yield percentage Entrapment Efficiency (EE) and Drug Loading (DL), drug release, size and distribution particle, morphological analysis and Fourier Transform-Infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). Results: Thymoquinone nanoparticle was PEGylated with PEG 6000 has the highest efficiency entrapment of 99.9718±0.029% in formula A, with the capacity of drug loading 0,66%. Formulation A release 99.9718±0.029% of Thymoquinone at 50 minutes. The morphological observations with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed spherical nanoparticles morphology. Peer Review History: Received 11 September 2020; Revised 5 Decembe; Accepted 3 January, Available online 15 January 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Comments of reviewer(s): Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Evren Alğin Yapar, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Turkiye, evren.yapar@yahoo.com Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, sally.elzahaby@yahoo.com Similar Articles: ABACAVIR LOADED NANOPARTICLES: PREPARATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION LONG CHAIN POLYMERIC CARBOHYDRATE DEPENDENT NANOCOMPOSITES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING EFFECT OF PEGYLATED EDGE ACTIVATOR ON SPAN 60 BASED- NANOVESICLES: COMPARISON BETWEEN MYRJ 52 AND MYRJ 59
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