RESUMOA perda de diversidade em regiões tropicais tem sido pauta em diversas discussões governamentais e não governamentais, com foco principalmente na fragmentação e destruição de ecossistemas naturais. No entanto, tomadas de decisões sobre a conservação de recursos genéticos precisam ser pautadas em parâmetros genéticos populacionais, especialmente para as espécies com interesse econômico que são alvo de maior interferência humana. Este trabalho teve como objetivo definir e avaliar parâmetros genéticos para a conservação de populações de jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril) na região sul-ocidental da Amazônia brasileira. A espécie é uma das que possuem madeira mais valiosa e é uma das mais intensamente exploradas na Amazônia brasileira. O estudo foi realizado em três áreas de florestas preparadas para a exploração madeireira, segundo plano de manejo sustentável. Calculou-se, com uso de oito locos de marcadores microssatélites, a diversidade genética, os estimadores para a conservação da espécie e a divergência entre as populações. As populações com menor densidade populacional (< 0,08 ind.ha -1 ) apresentaram maior diversidade genética e índice de fixação elevado. A população com maior densidade populacional (0,25 ind.ha -1 ) foi a que apresentou menor diversidade genética e ausência de endogamia. A Área Mínima Viável para conservação da espécie foi compatível com a realidade do local de estudo, com uma ressalva de uma das populações onde há necessidade de uma área muito maior em relação às demais. A divergência genética foi elevada (G' ST = 0,344) e as populações foram classificadas como Unidades Independentes para o Manejo. Palavras-chave: conservação genética; diversidade genética; estratégias para conservação; Hymenaea courbaril. ABSTRACTThe loss of diversity in tropical regions has been focus on several governmental and non-governmental discussions, focusing mainly on the fragmentation and destruction of natural ecosystems. However, decisions about the conservation of genetic resources must be guided by population genetic parameters, especially for species with economic interests that are subject to greater human interference. This study aimed to define and evaluate genetic parameters for the conservation of populations of Hymenaea courbaril in southwestern Amazon. This species is one of the most valuable and intensively exploited wood species in the Brazilian Amazon. We studied three forest areas prepared for logging in the background of sustainable management. It was calculated with eight microsatellite loci, genetic diversity, intra-population conservation estimators and genetic divergence among populations. Genetic diversity and fixation index were higher in the low density populations (< 0.08 ind.ha -1 ). The most density population (0.25 ind.ha -1
Inoculation of a common bean differential series is the usual method for identification of races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. This procedure is extremely useful for phytopathological as well as breeding purposes, but it requires strict control of the number of spores and incubation conditions. Furthermore, this method may result in misclassifications of isolates because of the subjectivity of symptom evaluation. We propose the use of DNA-based molecular markers as an auxiliary tool to aid the classification of races of C. lindemuthianum. Specific DNA bands were identified for races 73, 65, and 64 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of bulked DNA samples from isolates of these three races with random primers. The presence of these bands was checked on four isolates previously classified by inoculation on a differential series as belonging to races 23, 72, 79, and 585. The molecular procedure showed that two of these isolates had been misclassified, confirming the high potential of the proposed procedure to aid the identification of races of C. lindemuthianum. Amplification products obtained with 44 different primers also allowed the determination of the genetic distances among isolates from races 73, 65, and 64. These data were used to cluster the isolates into three groups that coincide with the ones obtained by inoculation.
The objective of this work was to select superior sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) genotypes with higher yield potential based on data from eight harvests, using the residual or restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction (REML/BLUP) methodology. The experiment was carried out from 2002 to 2008 and in 2010 in the municipality of Rio Branco, in the state of Acre, Brazil. Analyzes of deviance were performed to test the significance of the components of variance according to the random effects of the used model, and parameters were estimated from individual genotypic and phenotypic variances. A selection intensity of 20% was adopted regarding genotypic selection, i.e., only the best 11 of the 55 genotypes tested were selected. The estimates of the genetic parameters show the existence of genetic variability and the selection potential of the studied sweet orange genotypes. The genotypic correlation between harvests is of low magnitude, except for the variable average fruit mass, and, as a reflex, there is a change in the ordering of the genotypes. Genotypes 5, 48, 19, 14, and 47 stand out as being the most productive, and, therefore, are the most suitable for selection purposes. Genotypes 14 and 47 show superior performance for the character set evaluated.
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