The article presents the results of research on creating a source material for breeding new high-yielding potato varieties adapted to the conditions of the southern part of the Volga-Vyatka region. The research was carried out in the Department of selection and seed production of the Chuvash research Institute. The soil of the experimental site is gray forest, heavy loam, of medium fertility. Field and laboratory studies were conducted using generally accepted methods. More than 150 varieties have been studied in the collection nursery. The selected samples are valuable material for further selection and are identified on the basis of productivity. As a result of studying potato varieties of different groups of ripeness, highly productive varieties were selected for using the source material: 3 varieties were selected for each group of ripeness after the yield of marketable potatoes; 4 varieties with an increased number of tubers were selected.
In the conditions of the Chuvash Republic in a long-term stationary experiment there has been studied the effect of crop rotations (grain- fallow and green manure) and methods of primary tilling of soil (by the plow PLN-3-35 to the depth of 24-26 cm; by the combined unit KOS-3.0 to 14-16 cm; by the disc header BDM-4-3.2 to 10-12 cm without autumn tilling) on the cellulose-decomposing activity of the soil by the method of setting up flax linen and on the crop yield. The article provides 2016-2020 data. It has been established that plowing increased the total soil porosity (55.3…63.5 %) and provided maximum decomposing of flax linen (42.9…51.3 %). Absence of primary soil tilling led to the statistically significant decrease in the porosity (50.8…59.3 %) and cellulose-decomposing activity (36.1…43.9 %). Maximum yield of crops in crop rotation was obtained by cultivation according to traditional plowing. When replacing plowing by subsoil tillage the use of combined stubble cultivator KOS-3.0 was the best variant. Primary tillage of soil to the depth of 14-16 cm using KOS-3.0 unit instead of plowing led to the significant yield decrease (by 0.29 t/ha) of spring vetch only. Among other cultures of crop rotation there was no significant yield decrease. Complete rejection of autumn soil tillage led to 16-25 % yield loss in grain crops. Plowing to the depth of arable layer (24-26 cm) as primary autumn tillage of soil increased the fertility indicators of dark-gray wooded soil (its total porosity, cellulose-decomposing activity) and yield of cultures in crop rotation. But when changing over to resource saving technologies for primary autumn tilling of soil under grain crops the combined unit stubble cultivator KOS-3.0 should be used.
In the Chuvash Republic, peas are cultivated as a food and feed crop. Great damage to crops caused by weeds. With severe contamination, the reduction in grain yield in farms is 35-50 %. In order to obtain high yields of pea grain, experiments were conducted with the use of herbicides. The article discusses the research conducted in 2018-2020 on the effectiveness of a two-component herbicide Korsar Super normal 1.2 l/ha in phase 4-5 leaves of a cropper and the early phases of development of weeds in crops of pea varieties Spartak in the southern part of the Volga-Vyatka region of Russia. During the fieldwork experience in the Chuvash Research Agricultural Institute – Branch of “Federal Agricultural Research Centre of the North-East named N.V. Rudnitsky” on loamy gray forest soil, the use of herbicide treatment led to a significant reduction in the number of weeds in biological effectiveness 84.2 %. It provided a reliable grain increase of 0.9 t/ha. At the same time, the level of profitability of grain production made averaged 33 % in 2018-2020.
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