In the conditions of the Chuvash Republic in a long-term stationary experiment there has been studied the effect of crop rotations (grain- fallow and green manure) and methods of primary tilling of soil (by the plow PLN-3-35 to the depth of 24-26 cm; by the combined unit KOS-3.0 to 14-16 cm; by the disc header BDM-4-3.2 to 10-12 cm without autumn tilling) on the cellulose-decomposing activity of the soil by the method of setting up flax linen and on the crop yield. The article provides 2016-2020 data. It has been established that plowing increased the total soil porosity (55.3…63.5 %) and provided maximum decomposing of flax linen (42.9…51.3 %). Absence of primary soil tilling led to the statistically significant decrease in the porosity (50.8…59.3 %) and cellulose-decomposing activity (36.1…43.9 %). Maximum yield of crops in crop rotation was obtained by cultivation according to traditional plowing. When replacing plowing by subsoil tillage the use of combined stubble cultivator KOS-3.0 was the best variant. Primary tillage of soil to the depth of 14-16 cm using KOS-3.0 unit instead of plowing led to the significant yield decrease (by 0.29 t/ha) of spring vetch only. Among other cultures of crop rotation there was no significant yield decrease. Complete rejection of autumn soil tillage led to 16-25 % yield loss in grain crops. Plowing to the depth of arable layer (24-26 cm) as primary autumn tillage of soil increased the fertility indicators of dark-gray wooded soil (its total porosity, cellulose-decomposing activity) and yield of cultures in crop rotation. But when changing over to resource saving technologies for primary autumn tilling of soil under grain crops the combined unit stubble cultivator KOS-3.0 should be used.
In the conditions of the Chuvash Republic, the effect of slottingbetween rowson hop yield and on the water-physical properties of gray forest soil was studied. Soil slotting was used during 2017-2019 in autumn after the completion of harvesting operations (late September-early October) on hop plantations of the Podvyazny variety. Tillage with a SCHX-1.6slotting device (Czech Republic) was carried out to the depth of 50 and 65 cm at different time intervals (annually and three years later). As the control, there was taken the conventional tillage without the use of aparaplow combined with autumn tillage of row spacing to a depth of 20 cm. Studies have shown that the use of aparaplow to a depth of 50 and 65 cm improved the aeration and water permeability of the soil (the specific weight of the 20-25 cm soil layer decreased by 0.1-0.2 g/cm3, the volume weight of the same layer-by 0.1-0.3 g/cm3) and contributed to an increase in hop yield by 1.4-3.1centners per hectare (LSD05 =1.3 centners/ha) compared to the conventional tillage of row spacing (20.9 centners/ha). The content of alpha-acids in hop cones was not affected by slotting between the rows of hops. The specific weight of the 50-55 cm soil layer significantly decreased in all variants in comparison with the control. The highest moisture content of the deep layers of the soil (30-55 cm) was achieved with conventional tillage combined with annual autumn slotting to 50 cm depth. All the studied variants in comparison with the control give a significant increase in the yield of hop cones. For the production, the variant with the lowest costs for deep tillage should be recommended. It is the annual processing of the top soil layer combined with the autumn slotting every 3 years to 50 cm depth.
Based on the research carried out on light-gray forest soils of the Chuvash Republic, elements of spring wheat cultivation technology were developed and recommended for production, ensuring the formation of a t/ha yield with an increase of t / ha in relation to control. Evidence-based data on more effective use of microbiological preparations were obtained.
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