An experiment was conducted with broiler breeder hens to determine the relative biological value of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) compared with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for hen-day egg production, hatchability, embryo mortality (early, 1 to 10 d of incubation, late, 11 to 21 d), and body ash of the progeny. The study was conducted with 73-to-90-wk-old molted Ross broiler breeder hens in an environment excluding ultraviolet light. A basal vitamin D3 deficient diet supplemented with 4 levels of vitamin D3 (0, 3,125, 12,500, and 50,000 ng/kg of diet) and 2 levels of 25-OHD3 (3,125 and 12,500 ng/kg of diet) was fed. The relative biological values of 25-OHD3 in comparison to vitamin D3, using slope ratio techniques, were 138, 133, 128, and 111% for hen-day egg production, hatchability, late embryo mortality, and body ash of the progeny,, respectively (average = 128%). When comparing 25-OHD3 against D3 at the 3,125 ng/kg level, the relative biological values were 209, 167, 400, and 108% for the same criteria, respectively (average = 221%). However, at the 12,500 ng/kg level no statistical differences between 25-OHD3 and D3 were observed (average = 108%). Four trials were conducted to determine the effect of the maternal diet on the performance and leg abnormalities of the hens' progeny. In experiment 1, no vitamin D was added to the corn-soybean meal basal diet fed to the chicks, and in experiments 2, 3, and 4 the basal diet was supplemented with 27.5 microg of D3/kg of diet. In the progeny study, the average relative biological value of 25-OHD3 at the 3,125 and 12,500 ng/kg levels were 115 and 101%, respectively. The potency of 25-OHD3 in relation to vitamin D3 depended on the level tested. When comparing vitamin D sources, 25-OHD3 had greater potency than D3 only at very low levels of supplementation.

RESUMO -Foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo de determinar os melhores valores de balanço eletrolítico (BE) para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias. Utilizaram-se 2.112 pintinhos da marca comercial Ross, machos, criados em boxes de galpão de alvenaria, cobertos com maravalha e alimentados com duas rações basais, uma com 20 e outra com 23% de proteína bruta (PB) à base de milho e de farelo de soja, combinadas com níveis de BE de 00; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 Electrolyte Balance and Crude Protein Levels on Blood and Bone Parameters of 21Days Broiler Chicks ABSTRACT -An experiment was conducted to determine the best electrolyte balance (EB) for broiler chicks from one to 21 days of age, based on blood and bone parameters. One day old chicks, male, Ross were reared on floor covered with shaving woods and fed with two corn-soybean meal based diet with 20 and 23% of crude protein (CP) combined with 0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 and 350 mEq/kg of EB. The experiment was analised as a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement of treatments (two CP levels and eight EB) with six replicates of 22 chicks each. It were evaluated blood levels of calcium, phosphorus and total proteins. Ash, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and magnesium in the bone were also measured at 21 days of age. The best values of EB estimated were 168 (20% CP) and 245 (23% CP) mEq/kg for blood calcium. The EB value obtained for the lowest level of blood total protein was 189 (23% CP) mEq/kg. The optimum EB obtained in the blood were the minimum points of the regression curve. The best value for calcium in the bone was 132 mEq/kg (23% CP). The dietary EB should be from 150 to 200 mEq/kg, concerning the biological responses of broiler chicks (from 1 to 21 days of age).Key Words: acid basic balance, broiler chicks, calcium, phosphorus, bone, blood R. Bras. Zootec., v.33, n.6, p.1520-1530 IntroduçãoPesquisas têm mostrado que a composição mineral da ração afeta o equilíbrio ácido-básico e vários aspectos do desempenho animal (Murakami, 2000). A manutenção do equilíbrio ácido-básico do meio interno tem grande importância fisiológica e bioquímica, uma vez que as atividades das enzimas celulares, trocas eletrolíticas e manutenção do estado estrutural das proteínas dos organismos são profundamente influenciadas por pequenas alterações no pH sangüíneo (Macari, 1994).O equilíbrio ácido-básico está diretamente ligado aos eletrólitos ingeridos pelas aves. O balanço

An experiment was conducted with 25- to 66-wk-old Ross broiler breeders in an environment excluding ultraviolet light to determine the cholecalciferol (D3) requirements for hen day egg production; hatchability; body weight of the progeny at 1 d; embryo mortality during the early (1 to 10 d of incubation), middle (11 to 15 d of incubation), and late stages (16 to 21 d of incubation) of development; egg weight; specific gravity; and body ash of the progeny at 1 d of age. Five levels of vitamin D3 (125, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 IU/kg of diet) were fed to hens from 25 to 66 wk of age. One additional group was fed no supplemental D3 until 36 wk of age and was then changed to 4,000 IU/kg of diet. Separate regression analyses were performed for wk 27 to 36 (peak original design) and for wk 37 to 66 (postpeak production modified design). The D3 levels for the predicted maximum hen day egg production during peak and postpeak were 1,424 and 2,804 IU/kg, respectively. The D3 levels for the predicted maximum hatchability were 1,390 IU/ kg (peak) and 2,708 IU/kg (postpeak). The level of D3 that resulted in the minimum early embryo mortality was 1,288 IU/kg at peak; however, no significant effect was observed at postpeak. The D3 levels for minimum middle stage embryo mortality were 1,130 IU/kg (peak) and 2,568 IU/kg (postpeak) and for late stage embryo mortality were 1,393 IU/kg (peak) and 2,756 IU/kg (postpeak). The D3 level for maximum egg weight was 1,182 IU/kg (peak) and for specific gravity was 1,337 IU/kg (peak) and >2,000 IU/kg (postpeak). The D3 level for maximum body ash of progeny at d 1 was >2,000 IU/kg. Analysis of the data from the original design of the experiment (treatments providing 0, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 IU of vitamin D3/kg for the 27- to 36-wk-old birds) indicates a requirement of approximately 1,400 IU of D3/kg of feed for broiler breeder hens. When the data from the modified experiment (37 to 66 wk of age) include conversion of the treatment provided at 0 IU of D3/kg to a treatment providing 4,000 IU of D3/kg, the requirement may be approximately 2,800 IU of D3/kg.

Foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo de determinar os melhores valores de balanço eletrolítico (BE) para frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Na fase inicial, utilizaram-se 2.112 pintinhos machos da linhagem comercial Ross, criados em boxes de galpão de alvenaria cobertos com maravalha e alimentados com duas rações basais, uma com 20 e outra com 23% de proteína bruta (PB) à base de milho e de farelo de soja, combinadas com níveis de BE de 0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 e 350 mq/kg. Na fase de crescimento, utilizaram-se 1.728 frangos oriundos da fase inicial e apenas uma ração basal com 20% de PB. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 8 x 2 (oito níveis de BE e duas seqüências protéicas), seis repetições e 18 aves por unidade experimental na fase de crescimento. Avaliaram-se o ganho de peso (GP), o consumo de ração (CR), a conversão alimentar (CA), o rendimento de carcaça, os cortes nobres e a matéria seca na cama das aves aos 42 dias de idade. Os melhores valores de BE estimados foram 179 (20-20% PB) e 185 (23-20% PB) mEq/kg e valores similares foram encontrados para os maiores CR, 193 (20-20% PB) e 192 (23-20% PB) mEq/kg. A CA teve como melhor valor estimado 159 (23-20%) mEq/kg, um pouco abaixo dos valores de BE obtidos para GP e CR. Para o rendimento de carcaça e de cortes nobres, os melhores valores de BE foram similares aos de desempenho. Os valores de BE obtidos para os maiores teores de matéria seca na cama das aves foram 138 (20-20%) e 148 (23-20%) mEq/kg. Considerando-se os dados obtidos, recomenda-se um valor de BE na faixa de 160 a 190 mEq/kg como ótimo para frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade.

Six experiments were conducted using Ross x Ross chicks hatched from eggs laid by broiler breeder hens fed various levels of vitamin D3 (0 to 4,000 IU/kg of diet) to determine the effects of vitamin D3 level in the maternal diet on the performance and leg abnormalities of their progeny. Chicks hatched from eggs laid when hens were 27, 41, 29, 36, 45, and 52 wk of age were used in experiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. The studies were conducted in a ultraviolet (UV)-light-free environment. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted as complete randomized designs with the maternal diets as the treatments, and experiments 3, 4, 5, and 6 were conducted as split plot designs, with vitamin D3 in the chick diets as the whole plot and vitamin D3 in the maternal diet as a subplot. Chicks in experiments 1 and 2 were fed a vitamin D3-deficient diet, whereas chicks in experiments 3 and 4 were fed 4 levels of vitamin D3 (0 to 400 IU/kg of diet), and chicks in experiments 5 and 6 were fed 6 levels of vitamin D3 (0 to 3,200 IU/kg of D3). The highest body weight gains and tibia ash were observed in chicks hatched from hens fed the highest levels of vitamin D3 in all experiments. Reductions in the incidence of Ca rickets were observed in experiments 3 and 6, whereas increases in tibia ash were observed in experiments 2 and 6 as the level of vitamin D3 in the maternal diet increased. Body weight gain and tibia ash increased and Ca rickets incidence decreased as the vitamin D3 level in chick diets increased. An evaluation of the study indicates that chicks hatched from eggs laid by hens fed 2,000 or 4,000 IU of D3/kg as the maximum level of vitamin D3 had the highest body weight gains, and chicks fed 3,200 IU had the highest body weight and tibia ash and the lowest TD and Ca rickets incidences.

No abstract

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of phytase on the AMEn of peanut meal. One hundred twenty Ross x Ross broiler chicks of mixed sex were fed one of 4 experimental diets from 5 to 15 d of age. Diets used were Diet 1, a low P corn-soybean based basal diet; Diet 2, a 50% basal + 50% peanut meal diet; Diet 3, the basal diet supplemented with 24,000 phytase units (FTU) of Natuphos 5000 phytase/kg; and Diet 4, a phytase-supplemented 50% basal + 50% peanut meal diet. Chromic oxide was added to the basal diet at 0.1% as an indigestible marker. Apparent metabolizable energy was determined by substituting peanut meal at the expense of the basal diet. Other parameters measured included the phytate content of the diets as well as phytate P disappearance. Phytase significantly improved phytate P disappearance for both the corn and soybean meal basal diet (23.8 to 93.7%) as well as the 50% basal + 50% peanut meal diet (16.7 to 89.5%). Phytase increased the AMEn of peanut meal on a DM basis by approximately 9%, from 3,209 to 3,559 kcal/kg.

A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal dietary vitamin D3 supplementation at 4 different times during the laying cycle, on the performance and bone quality of broiler chicks fed a diet that induced tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) or an adequate diet. Ross x Ross broiler breeder hens were fed a corn-soy diet with various levels of vitamin D3 from 24 to 66 wk of age. Eggs were collected at 39, 44, 53, and 64 wk of age and hatched. Chicks from hens fed 250 IU of D3/kg (low maternal D3 or LMD3) and 2,000 IU of D3/ kg (high maternal D3 or HMD3) levels were placed in battery brooders and fed the diets from 0 to 16 d. At 16 d, the chicks were weighed and killed; the left tibias were used for bone ash determinations, and the right tibias were used to score the incidence and severity of TD (0, 1, 2, or 3, where 3 is the most severe). Body weight gain and feed intake were significantly lower for the LMD3 chicks at wk 44 and 64, although there was no difference in weight at hatch. For the first 2 hatches (wk 39 and 44), the LMD3 and HMD3 chicks demonstrated high average TD scores (2.03 and 1.57 vs. 2.05 and 1.75 for the LMD3 vs. HMD3 chicks, respectively) and high average incidences of severe TD (50 and 35% vs. 45 and 34% for LMD3 vs. HMD3 levels, respectively). However, results from the last 2 hatches (wk 53 and 64) showed that HMD3 chicks, compared with LMD3 chicks, had reduced average TD scores (1.39 and 1.47 vs. 1.01 and 0.44 for LMD3 vs. HMD3 levels, respectively) and severe TD incidence (36 and 40% vs. 17 and 8% for the LMD3 vs. HMD3 levels, respectively). In this experiment, as egg production declined toward the end of the laying cycle, hens fed the HMD3 might have been able to deposit sufficient quantities of vitamin D3 in the egg to maintain excellent body weight gain at 16 d of age and reduce the incidence and severity of TD. Hens fed the LMD3 diet were unable to produce similar improvements.