Wind Penetration Limited by Thermal Constraints and Frequency Stability

Frequency Response in the Presence of Renewable Generation: Challenges and Opportunities

“…Power system stability has been a major focus in the determination of RER penetration limits. For example, several research works have considered network congestion [34], [35], voltage stability [36], [37], system capacity [38], [39], frequency stability [40], [41], and thermal violations [42], [43] as integration limit constraints. Similarly, [44]- [49] have incorporated the transient stability limit and frequency security constraints, [50]- [52] consider harmonic limit, and [53], [54] take into account the wind-thermal coordination factor in estimating RER penetration limits.…”

Frequency Regulation Strategies in Grid Integrated Offshore Wind Turbines via VSC-HVDC Technology: A Review

“…The primary frequency response aims to stop the excursion and reach a steady state, whereas the secondary frequency response exerts the efforts to restore the frequency to its nominal value via automatic generation control (AGC). Referring to Figure 16, the synchronous generator provides a primary frequency response within 30 s. The rotational kinetic energy in variable speed wind turbine generators is used to realize a shortterm frequency support in [50][51][52][53][54]. To solve deviations in the frequency system, a control strategy is proposed to provide an inertia response for the wind turbine by adding a control loop to the frequency deviation derivative, which provides an extra active power production.…”

A static analysis method to determine the availability of kinetic energy from wind turbines

“…In an inertial response to a sudden loss of generation, for example, synchronous generators are physically forced to inject energy into the power grid. That is not the case with converter-interfaced wind turbines [5], [8], [16]. Typical converter controls make the machine appear as a current source in the network with no frequency dependence.…”