“…Research has also shown that different national institutions, including national innovation systems, evolve to support particular forms of economic creativity (Soskice 1999). Christopherson (2002) argues that the social organization of local innovation and production systems will vary dramatically according to the divergent national institutions governing labor and capital markets, corporate governance, and the kinds of social relationships that develop between actors. 1 And such national institutions, Phelps (2006) and others have pointed out, are fostered by the cultural values of a country.…”
“…Research has also shown that different national institutions, including national innovation systems, evolve to support particular forms of economic creativity (Soskice 1999). Christopherson (2002) argues that the social organization of local innovation and production systems will vary dramatically according to the divergent national institutions governing labor and capital markets, corporate governance, and the kinds of social relationships that develop between actors. 1 And such national institutions, Phelps (2006) and others have pointed out, are fostered by the cultural values of a country.…”
“…The influence of national institutions on interfirm practices has been well documented in the literature on the "varieties of capitalism" and "national business systems" (see, e.g., Porter 1992;Christopherson 1993;Gertler 1997;Pauly and Reich 1997;Whitley 1998). This article seeks to take Malmberg and Maskell's thesis a step further by asserting that the degree of competition within a cluster is itself shaped by the broader institutional and market setting in which it is embedded and that certain regulatory settings may further intensify such competition.…”
This article considers the relevance of the "local" for firm learning in New York City's Garment District. By documenting the design innovation process in the district's women's wear industry and the ways in which designers draw on the district's specialized services and institutions to assist in the process, the article examines how a localized agglomeration or "cluster" facilitates the development of shared conventions and practices. It also shows how the district confers benefits on firms in indirect ways. Since apparel manufacturers operate in a U.S. regulatory framework that inhibits cooperation, the Garment District's support institutions serve as production intermediaries, providing firms with a means to monitor and observe rival firms' performances and solutions. As such, the case of the Garment District poses interesting challenges to the prevailing conceptions of the "local" as a site for cooperation and suggests the need to rethink the relevance of competition for learning and innovation.
“…One route is through the "varieties of capitalism" -nationally constructed governance systems affecting investment time horizons, employment regulation and other key attributes of market functioning (Christopherson 2002b;Hall & Soskice 2001). The literature on "varieties of capitalism" demonstrates how firms and individuals in Sweden, Germany and the United States respond to different institutional incentives.…”
Section: The Sources Of Divergence In New Media Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, in both Sweden and Germany, a greater portion of the burden of sustaining a skilled workforce is the responsibility of the firm rather than the individual worker. Policy is directly engaged in constructing these differences through legislation and regulation governing inter-firm competition, employment and collective bargaining (Christopherson 2002b).…”
Section: The Sources Of Divergence In New Media Workmentioning
carried out primarily by independent contractors. The use of a multi-skilled contract workforce has increased following the decline in labor demand. In Sweden, New Media workers turned to unions following the downturn to deal with rising unemployment. Germany represents a middle ground case with a largely non-unionized workforce that is, however, influenced by collective industrial relations institutions and norms regarding employer roles. These divergent paths suggest that national policy continues to play a role in shaping work, even in international cultural industries.
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