“…In this study, SEM approach using moderating and interaction effect is proposed to evaluate the relationships between the factors of fuel efficiency. Moreover, SEM has drawn the attention of many researchers as a commonly adopted technique used to examine data about many airline disciplines including passenger loyalty [3], passenger's overall satisfaction with an airport [6], a comprehensive relationship marketing model [15], low cost carrier travelers [18], airline performance [42], airline service quality [48,75], fuel consumption optimization [73], cabin safety [14,34], customer loyalty [22,54], job satisfaction [17,57,81] and carbon offset scheme [16].…”