Water supply dynamics and quality of alternative water sources in low-income areas of Lilongwe City, Malawi

Chidya, Russel; Mulwafu, Wapulumuka; Banda, Sembeyawo C.T.

doi:10.1016/j.pce.2016.03.003

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Further, the Water Works Act (1995) regulates water supply and sanitation services in urban areas of Malawi and defines operation of its five water boards, namely Lilongwe, Blantyre, Central, Southern and Northern Regions. Access to safe and potable water in the country is mainly provided via taps in cities and urban areas, while rural areas are mostly supplied using boreholes [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standards Compliance and Health Implications of Bottled Water in Malawi

Chidya

Singano²,

Chitedze

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Many people around the globe prefer bottled water especially in developing countries, where tap water is not drinkable. This study investigated the quality of bottled drinking water sold in Lilongwe city, Malawi. Compliance with Malawi Standards (MS) 560 (2004) for natural mineral water, MS 699 (2004) for bottled water and the World Health Organisation guidelines for drinking water were examined. Bottled water from different 12 brands was purchased from local stores and analysed for its pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), EC, turbidity, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, NO3−, Cl−, F−, SO42−, hardness, alkalinity, and Escherichia coli. A Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) resulted in two clusters in which most of the brands (92%, n = 12) belonged to one group. The two clusters and significant differences (ANOVA p < 0.05) in chemical compositions among the brands were attributed to the variations in the water source and the treatment processes. The results showed that 10 brands did not comply with the MS 699 (2004) turbidity standard (1 NTU) and the pH of one of the brands was below the minimum MS 699 (2004) standard of 6.50. This research showed that 12 brands had bottle labelling errors and discrepancies in chemical composition. The article highlighted the need for a strict inspection from the responsible governmental ministry to improve water quality and to adjust water bottles’ labels according to water characteristics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standards Compliance and Health Implications of Bottled Water in Malawi

Chidya

Singano²,

Chitedze

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…According to all the maps (Fig.4.5.6 & 7) it can be concluded that nitrate levels are very high throughout the southern part of the groundwater, more precisely the southwestern part of Beni Moussa and the northwestern part of Beni Aamir and this is due to the flow direction from the NE to the SW, as demonstrated with (Arauzo et al, 2017;Chidya et al, 2016;Fetouani et al, 2008;Ouedraogo et al,2016). So according to this spatial diffusion of pollution, it can also be deduced that nitric pollution is more concrete in the agricultural areas that are most affected.…”

Section: Fig 3 Statistical Analysis Of Nitrate Results For the Fourmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…In addition, in natural water, whether groundwater or surface water, nitrate mineralization (N mineralization) can have several origins. Indeed, in the Tadla plain, work that reports excess nitrate in groundwater is increasingly frequent (Barakat et al, 2016;Chidya et al, 2016;El Bouqdaoui et al, 2009;Stuart et al, 2011).…”

Section: Fig 3 Statistical Analysis Of Nitrate Results For the Fourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This spatial variability in nitrate levels can also be due to the nitrogen provided by meteoric waters as demonstrated by (Shen et al,2019). The high levels of nitrates found in the waters of the Quaternary aquifer are of urban origin due to the infiltration of domestic wastewater into the ground, sewage, septic tanks, latrines and the decomposition of organic matter, according to (Chidya et al, 2016;El Bouqdaoui et al, 2009;Martinelli et al, 2018). Furthermore, nitrate levels above the WHO and NM guidelines have been reported in Moroccan groundwater by (Barakat et al, 2016;Bricha et al, 2007;El Bouqdaoui et al, 2009;Fetouani et al,2008;Nouayti et al, 2015).…”

Section: Fig 3 Statistical Analysis Of Nitrate Results For the Fourmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Spatial and Seasonal Nitrate Variation of Groundwater in the Irrigated Perimeter (Tadla Plain- Morocco)

Hafiane¹,

Tahri²,

Nouayti³

et al. 2020

AgricultForest

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The Nitric pollution in the groundwater of the Tadla plain increases the risk of degrading the quality of water resources and creates a risk to human health and the environment. This study aims to establish the state of pollution of the groundwater by nitrates in Béni Aamir and Béni Moussa aquifers, to follow its temporal evolution and to map its spatial distribution using Surfer software. To assess the contamination of well water by nitric pollution, 200 samples were collected in four seasonal campaigns between March 2017 and May 2018, with a rate of 43 samples taken per season. The spatial distribution of nitrates in the groundwater shows that the majority of the catchment points reached by this pollution are located in agricultural areas. Additionally, there was a range of 160.15 mg/L (4.65-164.5 mg/L). The temporal distribution of nitrate in the groundwater of Béni Aamir and Béni Moussa shows an increase in response to the agricultural intensification in this region, and a variation depending on the period of withdrawal. Including the increase in the quality degradation in all wells, from 1% in campaign N°01 to 7.06% in campaign N°02 and to 5.7% in campaign N°03, and to 0% as very bad quality in campaign N°04. The fact that the campaign N°02 has been carried out during the agricultural season, proves the link between the Nitrate pollution and chemical products uses during this period. Therefore, the impact of chemical products uses on the groundwater quality in this region.

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“…Poor access to clean water driven by rapid population growth, increased water demand, infrastructural constraints, and consumer response to cope with insufficient supply of safe water through use of alternative water sources is associated with ill-health 3 . This rapid urbanisation is anticipated to accelerate demand for water 2 , 4 , which lies at the nexus of food security, poverty reduction, economic growth, energy production and human health 5 , 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nexus between improved water supply and water-borne diseases in urban areas in Africa: a scoping review protocol

et al. 2020

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Introduction: Currently, an estimated two thirds of the world population is water insufficient. As of 2015, one out of every five people in developing countries do not have access to clean sufficient drinking water. In an attempt to share the limited resource, water has been distributed at irregular intervals in cities in developing countries. Residents in these cities seek alternative water sources to supplement the inadequate water supplied. Some of these alternative sources of water are unsafe for human consumption, leading to an increased risk in water-borne diseases. Africa contributes to 53% of the diarrheal cases reported globally, with contaminated drinking water being the main source of transmission. Water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus are a major public health concern. The main objective of this scoping review is to map the available evidence to understand the sources of water among residents in cities in Africa and the relationship between clean water sufficiency and water-borne diseases in urban Africa. Methods and analysis: The search strategy will identify studies published in scientific journals and reports that are directly relevant to African cities that have a population of more than half a million residents as of 2014 AND studies on the ten emerging water-borne diseases, which are diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus. Ethics and dissemination: This scoping review did not require any formal ethical approval. The findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.

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Water supply dynamics and quality of alternative water sources in low-income areas of Lilongwe City, Malawi

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Standards Compliance and Health Implications of Bottled Water in Malawi

Standards Compliance and Health Implications of Bottled Water in Malawi

Assessment of Spatial and Seasonal Nitrate Variation of Groundwater in the Irrigated Perimeter (Tadla Plain- Morocco)

The nexus between improved water supply and water-borne diseases in urban areas in Africa: a scoping review protocol

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