Versão Brasileira do The Nordic Orofacial Test – Screening (NOT-S) para Avaliação de Disfunções Orofaciais

Abstract

Objetivo: Traduzir o instrumento The Nordic Orofacial Test -Screening (NOT-S), que avalia disfunções orofaciais, para a língua portuguesa e realizar a adaptação transcultural em crianças brasileiras. Método: O instrumento foi submetido às seguintes etapas: tradução para português (Brasil), tradução reversa, revisão por comitê (composto por três professores universitários de Odontologia e um paciente formalmente instruído) e pré-teste. Para a fase de equivalência cultural (pré-teste), a cada um dos itens do instrumento foi acrescentada a alternativa "não entendi" ou "não aplicável", se o índice dessas repostas fosse superior a 15%, a questão deveria ser reformulada pelo comitê e reaplicada em outro grupo de crianças. O NOT-S foi aplicado em uma amostra de 20 crianças de 8 a 14 anos, de escolas da rede pública de Piracicaba, selecionadas aleatoriamente. Resultados: A comparação entre o instrumento original e o resultado da tradução reversa mostrou forte concordância entre ambos. As mudanças realizadas pelo comitê revisor foram o acréscimo de palavras e frases e a substituição de advérbios e palavras por sinônimos para facilitar o entendimento. No pré-teste, duas questões tiveram um índice de respostas "não entendi" de 15%, foram reformuladas e, a partir disso, o índice de resposta "não entendi" foi nulo. Conclusão: A versão em português do NOT-S foi criteriosamente traduzida e adaptada à cultura brasileira e mostrou-se ser de fácil compreensão pela população de crianças brasileiras avaliada. Sistema Estomatognático; Tradução (Processo); Criança. Objective: To translate the instrument The Nordic Orofacial TestScreening (NOT-S), which evaluates orofacial dysfunctions, intoBrazilian Portuguese and to perform the cross-cultural adaptation for Brazilian children. Method: The instrument was subjected to the following stages: translation into Brazilian Portuguese, back-translation, revision by a committee (composed by three Professors of Dentistry and a formally instructed patient) and pretest. For the phase of cultural equivalency (pretest), a "did not understand" or "does not apply" item was added to each one of the items of the instrument; if the rate of these answers was 15% or above, the question should be reformulated by the committee and reapplied to another group of children. The NOT-S was applied to a sample of randomly selected 20 children aged 8 to 14 years from public schools of the city of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Results: There was a strong agreement between the original instrument and its back translated version. The changes made by the revising committee were the addition of words and sentences and the substitution of adverbials and words by synonyms to facilitate the understanding. In the pretest, two questions had 15% of "did not understand" answers and were reformulated; thereafter, the rate of "did not understand" answers was null. Conclusion:The final Portuguese version of NOT-S was rigorously translated and adapted to the Brazilian culture, and was easily understood by the sample of Brazilian childre...

Orofacial functions and quality of life in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate

“…This leads to the conclusion that although the UCLP group may encounter more challenges in daily life, their overall QoL is no different from that of healthy children. This confirms the results of an earlier study that used CPQ [11][12][13][14] to measure the outcomes of orofacial conditions and dental caries in children aged 11 to 14 years. 31 The OHRQoL of the participants with cleft lip and/or palate was similar to that with dental decay.…”

“…Orofacial functions were evaluated in the children with UCLP and the controls using the Brazilian Portuguese version 14 of the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S) protocol. 23 This protocol consists of a structured interview and a clinical examination, each part including six domains.…”

“…There are a number of distinct domains of OHRQoL measures involved in CLP children, such as appearance, speech, facial growth, and psychosocial interactions. 13 In the Leme et al 14 study, the presence of orofacial dysfunctions was associated with worse OHRQoL in otherwise healthy children, suggesting that oral and craniofacial diseases or disabilities may contribute to the compromise of vital actions (e.g., breathing, chewing, and swallowing) and muscle posture (e.g., mouth and tongue posture) and undermine the necessary requirements for social interactions, including speech, emotional communication, facial expression, and appearance. Notwithstanding, while there are existing studies evaluating the speech, muscle function, and facial asymmetry of children with CLP, 15,16,17,18 there is no prior study correlating oral functions with impacts on OHRQoL.…”

Factors associated with awake bruxism according to perceptions of parents/guardians and self‐reports of children

“…Among such disorders, pain in the facial muscles and parafunctional habits are elements that have been associated with bruxism. 18,19 This study has limitations inherent to the cross-sectional design, which does not enable establishing cause-and-effect relationships. This study also has strong points, such as a probabilistic representative sample of children in the mixed dentition phase and the use of a DAG for the identification of confounding variables in the investigation of factors associated with PAB.…”

“…Each affirmative answer or piece of positive clinical evidence receives one point, whereas negative answers and the absence of clinical evidence are scored zero. 19 Dental caries was evaluated using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), 20 which evaluates caries activity and severity. Only cavitated lesions were considered (ICDAS score 3 = localized enamel breakdown; score 5 = cavity with dentine exposed at base; and score 6 = extensive cavity in dentine at base and on walls).…”