Using Tailored Tranquilizer Combinations to Reduce Stress Associated With Large Ungulate Capture and Translocation

Wolfe, Lisa L.; Miller, Michael W.

doi:10.7589/52.2s.s118

Cited by 16 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Similarly, Coetzee et al [7] reported that nalbuphine accelerates the onset and extends the duration of both sedation and analgesia in calves. Moreover, the combination of nalbuphine hydrochloride and medetomidine yielded good quality sedation with 50 min of muscular relaxation and acceptable physiological parameters [2829]. The current study recommended the following body language indicators to assess the degree of sedation: distance between the ear tips, abduction of the hind limbs as an ataxia indicator and distance between animal's head and ground as an indicator for muscle relaxation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedative, analgesic, behavioral and clinical effects of intravenous nalbuphine-xylazine combination in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Khalil

Algalil²,

Sabek

et al. 2019

J Vet Sci

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This study examined the sedative, analgesic, behavioral, and clinical effects of a combination of xylazine (XY) and nalbuphine-xylazine (NA-XY) in camels. A total of five adult camels were used in a prospective randomized cross-over design with a wash out period of two weeks. Camels were allocated randomly to two treatment groups: the XY group (xylazine, 1.1mL/100 kg IV) and the NA-XY group (xylazine, 1.1mL/100 kg IV and nalbuphine, 1 mg/kg IV). The sedative, analgesic, behavioral, and clinical effects of XY and NA-XY combination were evaluated prior to administration (baseline) and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 minutes post-administration. The results showed that the NA-XY combination accelerates the onset of sedation and analgesia and prolongs the durations of both sedation (p < 0.001) and analgesia (p < 0.01). The behavioral parameters showed higher scores with a NA-XY combination than xylazine alone. Although a XY injection resulted in a significant decline in the heart and respiratory rate, the NA-XY combination group revealed a non-significant change in both clinical parameters compared to the baseline. In conclusion, the use of a NA-XY combination in camels improved the sedative and analgesic onset and duration with an improved outcome in the behavioral scores, as well as in both the heart and respiratory rates compared to XY alone.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedative, analgesic, behavioral and clinical effects of intravenous nalbuphine-xylazine combination in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Khalil

Algalil²,

Sabek

et al. 2019

J Vet Sci

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“…Levels of serum cortisol may have reflected stressors associated with the helicopter rather than stressors associated with processing. We defined behavioral stress as high activity (i.e., high number of kicks or vocalizations), and assumed that animals experiencing low levels of stress would kick and vocalize less than individuals experiencing high levels of stress (Wolfe and Miller 2016). As with physiological and biochemical indicators, we failed to detect behavioral differences during handling (i.e., kicks, vocalizations).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although it is unknown if the animals that were given midazolam and azaperone would have survived in the absence of being partially sedated, being able to recover complete control over motor skills and awareness post-capture may certainly have helped. Midazolam can be reversed with flumazenil (Girdler et al 2002, Mortenson and Moriarty 2015, Plumb 2015, Lee et al 2018; however, midazolam normally has not been reversed when used in combination with azaperone in ungulates (Wolfe and Miller 2016). Veterinarians and wildlife professionals avoid reversing midazolam because it allows for a smoother and more predictable recovery without risks of severe reactions (e.g., seizures; Plumb 2015).…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Partial Sedation to Reduce Stress in Captured Mule Deer

et al. 2020

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Information garnered from the capture and handling of free-ranging animals helps advance understanding of wildlife ecology and can aid in decisions on wildlife management. Unfortunately, animals may experience increased levels of stress, injuries, and death resulting from captures (e.g., exertional myopathy, trauma). Partial sedation is a technique proposed to alleviate stress in animals during capture, yet efficacy of partial sedation for reducing stress and promoting survival post-capture remains unclear. We evaluated the effects of partial sedation on physiological, biochemical, and behavioral indicators of acute stress and probability of survival post-capture for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) that were captured via helicopter net-gunning in the eastern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Wyoming, USA. We administered 10-30 mg of midazolam and 15 mg of azaperone intramuscularly (IM) to 32 mule deer in 2016 and 53 mule deer in 2017, and maintained a control group (captured but not sedated) of 38 mule deer in 2016 and 54 mule deer in 2017. To evaluate indicators of acute stress, we measured heart rate, blood-oxygen saturation, body temperature, respiration rate, and levels of serum cortisol. We recorded number of kicks and vocalizations of deer during handling and evaluated behavior during release. We also measured levels of fecal glucocorticoids as an indicator of baseline stress. Midazolam and azaperone did not reduce physiological, biochemical, or behavioral indicators of acute stress or influence probability of survival post-capture. Mule deer that were administered midazolam and azaperone, however, were more likely to hesitate, stumble or fall, and walk during release compared with individuals in the control group, which were more likely to trot, stot, or run without stumbling or falling. Our findings suggest that midazolam (10-30 mg IM) and azaperone (15 mg IM) may not yield physiological or demographic benefits for captured mule deer as previously assumed and may pose adverse effects that can complicate safety for captured animals, including drug-induced lethargy. Although we failed to find efficacy of midazolam and azaperone

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“…The author elected to administer azaperone as it is reported to reduce the stress response and have muscle relaxing effects in various tranquilised wild ungulates, thus reducing the incidence of capture myopathy 10 11. Following mild azaperone sedation, the reindeer received xylazine under the prescribing cascade as one of only two UK‐licensed α‐2 agonists for food‐producing cattle 9.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endotracheal tube obstruction with a blood clot following aspiration of rumen contents in a reindeer

Lehnus¹

2018

Vet Rec Case Rep

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SummaryAn apparently otherwise healthy female reindeer was anaesthetised for open reduction and fixation of a hip luxation. The animal developed ruminal bloat which was treated with passage of an orogastric tube that was left indwelling during the procedure. A fluid inspiratory noise was audible two hours after decompression, and clear fluid was suctioned from the airway. It showed no other signs of regurgitation and aspiration of rumen contents intraoperatively, and did not develop obvious respiratory compromise while mechanically ventilated. In recovery, the deer became apnoeic and cyanotic and died suddenly within minutes of being positioned in the recovery box. Just before dying, it coughed a large blood clot out of the endotracheal tube (ETT) . Additional clots were found partially obstructing the ETT lumen once extubated postmortem. Evidence of aspiration was detected at postmortem examination, which also identified pulmonary haemorrhage.

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Using Tailored Tranquilizer Combinations to Reduce Stress Associated With Large Ungulate Capture and Translocation

Cited by 16 publications

References 18 publications

Sedative, analgesic, behavioral and clinical effects of intravenous nalbuphine-xylazine combination in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Sedative, analgesic, behavioral and clinical effects of intravenous nalbuphine-xylazine combination in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Effectiveness of Partial Sedation to Reduce Stress in Captured Mule Deer

Endotracheal tube obstruction with a blood clot following aspiration of rumen contents in a reindeer

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