Sedative, analgesic, behavioral and clinical effects of intravenous nalbuphine-xylazine combination in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Abstract

This study examined the sedative, analgesic, behavioral, and clinical effects of a combination of xylazine (XY) and nalbuphine-xylazine (NA-XY) in camels. A total of five adult camels were used in a prospective randomized cross-over design with a wash out period of two weeks. Camels were allocated randomly to two treatment groups: the XY group (xylazine, 1.1mL/100 kg IV) and the NA-XY group (xylazine, 1.1mL/100 kg IV and nalbuphine, 1 mg/kg IV). The sedative, analgesic, behavioral, and clinical effects of XY and NA-XY combination were evaluated prior to administration (baseline) and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 minutes post-administration. The results showed that the NA-XY combination accelerates the onset of sedation and analgesia and prolongs the durations of both sedation (p < 0.001) and analgesia (p < 0.01). The behavioral parameters showed higher scores with a NA-XY combination than xylazine alone. Although a XY injection resulted in a significant decline in the heart and respiratory rate, the NA-XY combination group revealed a non-significant change in both clinical parameters compared to the baseline. In conclusion, the use of a NA-XY combination in camels improved the sedative and analgesic onset and duration with an improved outcome in the behavioral scores, as well as in both the heart and respiratory rates compared to XY alone.

Immediate Postoperative Analgesia of Nalbuphine-Ketamine Combination Compared with Ketamine Alone in Xylazine-Sedated Goats Undergoing Left Flank Laparotomy

“…The induction and recovery quality scores were significantly lower in goats that received nalbuphine–ketamine compared to ketamine, and this finding is in agreement with studies in camels and calves [ 11 , 27 ]. In this current study, goats administered with nalbuphine–ketamine showed mild ataxia, uncomplicated transition to alertness, and minimal coordinated attempts to stand than those administered with ketamine alone.…”

“…In this current study, the xylazine-sedated goats received nalbuphine–ketamine showed a lower immediate postoperative pain scores compared to ketamine. In previous studies, nalbuphine has been reported to reduce stress-associated behaviors in calves [ 27 ], camels [ 11 ], and dogs [ 8 ]. Additionally, adding nalbuphine to xylazine appears to enhance analgesia and decrease distress in dogs undergoing an uncomfortable or painful interference [ 31 ].…”

“…In humans, nalbuphine is regarded as an important element of multimodal anesthesia and used as a pain-relieving medication for moderate and severe conditions, preoperative and postoperative analgesia, and gynecological interferences [ 6 ]. Nalbuphine has not been extensively used in veterinary practice, however, some studies of the use of nalbuphine have been reported in cats [ 7 ], dogs [ 8 , 9 ], horses [ 10 ], and camels [ 11 ], disclosing that nalbuphine could produce a superior analgesia without affecting cardiopulmonary variables.…”

Evaluation of Anti-Sperm Antibodies (ASAs) in the Serum and Seminal Plasma of Dromedary Male Camels with Infertility History

“…Male camels are prepared for sampling firstly by fasting from 24-36 hours before sample collection. The sedation process was carried out by intravenous injection using a xylazine drug (xylazine 20 mg/ml) at a dose of 1.1 ml/100 kg body weight /IV as referred by Khalil et al (2019). Blood samples were drawn directly from the jugular vein and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes for serum separation.…”

Application of α2‐adrenergic agonists combined with anesthetics and their implication in pulmonary intravascular macrophages‐insulted pulmonary edema and hypoxemia in ruminants

“…Intravenously administered XYL‐nalbuphine combination (1.1 mL/100 kg, 2% and 1 mg/kg, respectively) was investigated in dromedary camels. Camels immobilized with this combination showed a significant fall in HR and RR, and prolonged sedation and analgesia (Khalil et al, 2019). The most striking findings after administration of α 2 ‐adrenergic agonists in large ruminants were the severely decreased arterial oxygen pressure.…”