Typhoid fever: a review

Abstract

Typhoid fever is still a deadly disease in developing countries, particularly in India. Although, the paediatric population is mostly affected by this disease, yet the disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adult populations also. In India, most of the cases of typhoid fever are diagnosed clinically, or at the most by the Widal test which is not fool proof. The disease typhoid fever is an orally transmitted communicable infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It is usually caused by consuming impure water and contaminated food. Salmonella typhi is serologically positive for lipopolysaccharide antigens O9 and O12, protein flagellar antigen Hd, and polysaccharide capsular antigen Vi. S. typhi Vi-positive strains are more infectious and virulent than Vi-negative strains. Following the incubation period of 7 to 14 days, there is onset of fever and malaise. The fever is then accompanied by chills, headache, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vague abdominal discomfort, dry cough and myalgia. These are followed by coated tongue, tender abdomen, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Azithromycin (10mg/kg) given once daily for seven days has proven effective in the treatment of typhoid fever in some adults and children. A dose of 1g per day for five days was also found to be more effective in most adults. Of the third generation cephalosporins, oral Cefixime (15-20mg per kg per day, for adults, 100-200mg twice daily) has been widely used. Intravenous third generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime) are effective. Aztreonam and imipenem are potential third line drugs.

Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana Demam Tifoid pada Dewasa

“…Demam meningkat perlahan terutama sore hingga malam. 3,5 Gejala pada minggu kedua lebih jelas berupa bradikardia relatif, lidah berselaput (kotor di bagian tengah dan tepi, kemerahan pada ujung dan tremor), hepatomegali, splenomegali, meteorismus, hingga perubahan status mental (somnolen, sopor, koma, delirium, psikosis). Rose spot (ruam makulopapular, salmon-colored, dan pucat) dapat muncul terutama di bagian dada pada akhir minggu pertama dan hilang setelah 2 -5 hari.…”

Molecular characterization of a 42 kDa subunit pili protein of Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever

“…Symptoms of typhoid infection include fever which lasts 1 to 4 weeks. Fever is accompanied by headache, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, and dry cough (Paul and Bandyopadhyay 2017). Typhoid fever commonly exhibits non-specific clinical symptoms comparable to malaria, dengue fever, influenza, leptospirosis, and Rickettsia infection, thus a definite diagnosis must be verified by laboratory tests (Azmatullah et al 2015;Arora et al 2019).…”

Hematological profile of children under five years with typhoid fever at Idaman Banjarbaru Hospital, Indonesia

“…It is estimated that 200,000 people die each year out of the approximately 21.6 million people infected with typhoid fever. Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Africa have an incidence of > 100 cases per 100,000 population per year and are classi ed as countries with a high incidence of typhoid fever [2].…”