Typhoid fever is still a deadly disease in developing countries, particularly in India. Although, the paediatric population is mostly affected by this disease, yet the disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adult populations also. In India, most of the cases of typhoid fever are diagnosed clinically, or at the most by the Widal test which is not fool proof. The disease typhoid fever is an orally transmitted communicable infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It is usually caused by consuming impure water and contaminated food. Salmonella typhi is serologically positive for lipopolysaccharide antigens O9 and O12, protein flagellar antigen Hd, and polysaccharide capsular antigen Vi. S. typhi Vi-positive strains are more infectious and virulent than Vi-negative strains. Following the incubation period of 7 to 14 days, there is onset of fever and malaise. The fever is then accompanied by chills, headache, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vague abdominal discomfort, dry cough and myalgia. These are followed by coated tongue, tender abdomen, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Azithromycin (10mg/kg) given once daily for seven days has proven effective in the treatment of typhoid fever in some adults and children. A dose of 1g per day for five days was also found to be more effective in most adults. Of the third generation cephalosporins, oral Cefixime (15-20mg per kg per day, for adults, 100-200mg twice daily) has been widely used. Intravenous third generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime) are effective. Aztreonam and imipenem are potential third line drugs.

Objectives:The aim of this study is to evaluate the child preference for dentist attire and camouflage versus conventional syringe in reduction of anxiety.Materials and Methods:A total of 600 children aged 6–14 years were made to look at a set of six photos of an individual dressed with different colored apron of pink, green, blue, white colors, formal dress, and cartoon character along with conventional syringe and camouflage syringe with a toy-like appearance to permit injection of local anesthesia. Children's anxiety level during injections and with colored coat was assessed and recorded using the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale faces version.Statistical Analysis Used:SPSS statistical software version 21 and using Chi-square test.Results:Among age group of 6–8 years, 65.33% selected colorful apron, while other age groups 9–10, 11–12 years, and 13–14 years selected 47.34%, 57.34%, and 50.67% white coat, respectively (P < 0.05). For syringe, 78% of younger age group (6–10 years) preferred camouflage syringe, whereas 71% of older age group (11–14 years) preferred conventional syringe. Anxiety level of all children for syringe was more compared to that of white coat.Conclusion:Younger children prefer colorful attire of dentist and camouflage syringe over conventional compared to older one.

Aim:The study was done to evaluate the fracture resistance of carbon, glass fiber, and zirconia posts.Materials and Methods:Forty-five human premolars indicated for orthodontic extraction were subjected to root canal treatment and obturated with gutta-percha. All the teeth were decoronated and mounted in acrylic block. Then, teeth were equally divided into three groups: (a) carbon, (b) glass fiber, and (c) zirconia post group. Post space was prepared and particular post was cemented in post space. Core buildup was made with composite. A compressive load was applied using universal testing machine and fracture force was measured in MPa. The data were tabulated, and statistical evaluation was done using statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 21.0., IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA, using one-way analysis of variance for analysis of difference and Bonferroni post hoc test.Results:Zirconia endodontic post had good fracture resistance (489.2 MPa) when compared with carbon (258.4 MPa) and glass fiber-reinforced post (348.7 MPa). Fracture resistance was statistically significant between test groups P>0.001.Conclusion:The present study concluded that zirconia had good fracture resistance compared to glass fiber and carbon posts.

Background: Dengue fever is currently the most important arthropod borne viral disease. Since occurrence of dengue infections has been an epidemic in many parts of India and complications like DHF and DSS are increasing, while at the same time the diagnosis is challenging, particularly the laboratory diagnosis is confusing, this study was conducted to evaluate the different laboratory test methods and to compare their respective efficacy, timing, advantages and disadvantages.Methods: This study was done in the Department of Microbiology in collaboration with the Department of Medicine and Pediatrics in two tertiary care medical colleges and hospitals in eastern India. Blood samples from 319 patients with clinical features suggestive of Dengue fever were included in this study. Laboratory investigations were done which included immunological assays that were performed using commercially available kits - SD dengue duo NS1Ag + Ab combo rapid test, NS1 Ag capture ELISA, IgM capture ELISA, IgG capture ELISA test for dengue and other routine tests -full blood cell count, coagulation tests, routine biochemical and lipid profile were also done. Ethical considerations were taken care of and statistical evaluations were done.Results: An increased detection of IgM antibody (46.15%) was seen in the early febrile period (1-5 days) as compared to the mid-febrile period (6-10 days), and late febrile period (6-10 days) when it is 6.89%. IgG antibody is much less in early febrile period (4.16%). Compared to mid-febrile period (24.13%), and late febrile period (62.5%). IgM antibodies were detected in 44.5% of the samples, IgG antibodies were detected in 43.5% of the samples, Rapid test was positive in 36.9% and NS1AG ELISA was detected in 43.5% of the samples in the study.Conclusions: It can be inferred from our study that for detection of dengue in the early febrile period (1-5 days), estimation of dengue-specific serum IgM is the most sensitive antibody detection method.

Context: Vermiform appendix is an organ with immunological function in the abdominal cavity which is variable in position and length. It is important in different disease processes, such as appendicitis, carcinoma and diverticulitis. Appendicitis is the most important clinical condition. Appropriate anatomical knowledge about vermiform appendix is important for surgeons, pathologists and other physicians for proper diagnosis and management of appendicitis and carcinoma. Study design: Descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, from January 2006 to June 2007. Materials and methods: Sixty (60) human postmortem vermiform appendix, age ranging from 0 to 65 years. Samples were observed in situ in the unclaimed dead bodies within 24 hours of death. Results: Retrocaecal position was highest (65%) followed by pelvic (31.7%) and post ileal (3.3%). Subcaecal and pre ileal varieties were not found. Conclusion: To establish a data for Bangladeshi people, future studies are necessary by using larger sample size from different age and sex groups. To determine position of vermiform appendix, sonological studies are also recommended. Key words: position, vermiform appendix   doi: 10.3329/bja.v7i1.3015 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2009, Vol. 7 No. 1 pp. 34-36