Treasure of the Past VIII: Molecular basis of flame inhibition

Hastie, J. W.

doi:10.6028/jres.106.034

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The mechanism of phosphorus-containing FRs acts in the gas phase via active radicals such as PO • , PO 2 • , and HPO • playing a role as scavengers of H • and OH • . The flame-retardant efficiency of these FRs is also contributed from residual char acting on condensed phase to protect material from flammable gases, oxygen, and heat. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Nitrogen–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Based on Phosphonamidate: Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy

Vothi¹,

Nguyen

Pham

et al. 2019

ACS Omega

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A novel nitrogen–phosphorus flame retardant (P–N FR) based on phosphonamidate, dimethyl N,N′-1,3-phenylenebis(P-methylphosphonamidate) (DMPMP), was successfully synthesized and its flame-retarding performances and thermal degradation were compared with those of other P–N FRs and a phosphorus-based FR such as resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP). DMPMP was applied to acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) to investigate the factors governing the flame-retarding behaviors of P–N FRs which would make them efficient for noncharrable polymers. V-0 ratings were achieved at 20 wt % loading of DMPMP for ABS and at a much lesser amount of DMPMP loading (10 wt %) for EVA. Meanwhile, no rating and V-2 were achieved even at 20–30 wt % loading of other P–N FRs or RDP for ABS and EVA, respectively. The results from thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and UL-94V indicated that DMPMP is a highly efficient FR and acts mainly in a gas-phase flame-retarding mode of action. The condensed phase of DMPMP also contributed to the flame retardancy property through −NH– groups which tendentiously generate a nitrogen–phosphorus-rich residue because of the intermolecular coupling transesterification reaction. These results demonstrated the assumption that DMPMP has a high P content and good hydrostability, which exhibits good flame retardancy for noncharrable polymers such as ABS and EVA.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Nitrogen–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Based on Phosphonamidate: Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy

Vothi¹,

Nguyen

Pham

et al. 2019

ACS Omega

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“…AlPi can act in the condensed phase by forming aluminum phosphates and in the gas phase by releasing phosphinic acid . AlPi alone is not sufficient as a flame retardant in PA 6.6/GF and PA 6/GF according to UL 94 tests . Therefore in polyamides AlPi is used as a flame retardant along with melamine polyphosphate as a synergist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardancy of glass fiber reinforced high temperature polyamide by use of aluminum diethylphosphinate: thermal and thermo-oxidative effects

2013

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Glass fiber reinforced polyamide (PA) 6 T/DT flame retarded with aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) was tested to assess its flame retardant properties. Models for the decomposition of PA 6T/DT with and without AlPi are presented. Thermal decomposition was measured by performing TGA with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy in the condensed phase. Fire behavior was studied using a cone calorimeter and flammability was tested with UL 94 and the limiting oxygen index. AlPi works as an effective flame retardant for glass fiber reinforced PA 6T/DT materials, acting in the gas phase. Also observed was condensed-phase action, which occurs especially under oxidative conditions before the samples ignite.

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“…Furthermore, APP releases ammonia, which dilutes the flame gases. RP acts over a gas‐phase16 and/or condensed‐phase mechanism. It shows flame inhibition in the gas phase, and in contact with oxygen it forms phosphates 17–19…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residue Stabilization in the Fire Retardancy of Wood–Plastic Composites: Combination of Ammonium Polyphosphate, Expandable Graphite, and Red Phosphorus

Seefeldt

Braun

Wagner

2012

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Combinations of different common flame retardants in wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are tested to identify synergistic or antagonistic effects with the goal of improving the fire performance of WPCs. Flame retardants investigated are expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and red phosphorus (RP) and combinations of two of them are used. The fire behavior is studied by cone calorimetric measurements. Additional thermogravimetry is used for further investigations. The fire tests show that EG has the highest potential for flame retardancy, but due to its expansion it cracks the formed residue layer. Combinations of EG with RP or with high amounts of APP are able to suppress this cracking.

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Treasure of the Past VIII: Molecular basis of flame inhibition

Cited by 14 publications

References 36 publications

Novel Nitrogen–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Based on Phosphonamidate: Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy

Novel Nitrogen–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Based on Phosphonamidate: Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy

Flame retardancy of glass fiber reinforced high temperature polyamide by use of aluminum diethylphosphinate: thermal and thermo-oxidative effects

Residue Stabilization in the Fire Retardancy of Wood–Plastic Composites: Combination of Ammonium Polyphosphate, Expandable Graphite, and Red Phosphorus

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