Residue Stabilization in the Fire Retardancy of Wood–Plastic Composites: Combination of Ammonium Polyphosphate, Expandable Graphite, and Red Phosphorus

Seefeldt, Henrik; Braun, Ulrike; Wagner, Manfred H.

doi:10.1002/macp.201200119

Cited by 69 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Expandable graphite may act as a intumescent flame retardant for some polymers [18][19][20][21][22][23] with polyethylene [24] and polyurethane foams being the primary substrates for EG [15,21].…”

Section: Graphite Intercalation Compounds (Gics) Possess Guest Molecumentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of commercial expandable graphite fire retardants

et al. 2014

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Thermal analysis and other techniques were employed to characterize two expandable graphite samples. The expansion onset temperatures of the expandable graphite's were ca.220°C and 300°C respectively. The key finding is that the commercial products are not just pure graphite intercalation compounds with sulfuric acid species intercalated as guest ions and molecules in between intact graphene layers. A more realistic model is proposed where graphite oxide-like layers are also randomly interstratified in the graphite flakes. These graphite oxide-like layers comprise highly oxidized graphene sheets which contain many different oxygen-containing functional groups. This model explains the high oxygen to sulfur atomic ratios found in both elemental analysis of the neat materials and in the gas generated during the main exfoliation event.

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Section: Graphite Intercalation Compounds (Gics) Possess Guest Molecumentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of commercial expandable graphite fire retardants

et al. 2014

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“…However, the worm‐like intumescent char generated by EG upon burning or heating is usually fragile and fluffy and easily destroyed by heat convection and flame pressure during combustion process . Plenty of works have shown that the combination of EG and red phosphorus (RP) or APP can increase fire retardancy of many polymers substantially and the synergistic effect derives from increased quality of intumescent char in condensed phase . As to the reason for the increased fire retardancy, Braun et al figured that EG could crack the formed residue layer due to its expansion and the combinations of EG with RP or with high amounts of APP were able to suppress this cracking, which conduced to fire retardancy of the polymer .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and thermal property of intumescent char produced by flame‐retardant high‐impact polystyrene/expandable graphite/microencapsulated red phosphorus composite

Liu

Chang

et al. 2019

Fire and Materials

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Summary This paper is aimed to illustrate the structure and thermal property of intumescent char produced by flame‐retardant polymers containing expandable graphite (EG). For this purpose, high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) flame retarded by EG individually or in combination with microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) was prepared. The results indicate that the intumescent char from HIPS/EG/MRP composite, which contains a small amount of phosphorus element and more oxygen element, is much more compact and continuous than that from HIPS/EG composite with identical loading of flame retardant due to binding effect of phosphoric acid and its derivatives. The intumescent char produced by HIPS/EG/MRP composite exhibits much enhanced thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability as well as thermal‐insulating effect, which can withstand destruction of heat and oxygen effectively and thus provide a good fire‐proof barrier. The temperature beneath this intumescent char is decreased significantly in case of action by flame. By comparison, the porous and loose intumescent char generated by HIPS/EG composite has poor thermo‐oxidative endurance, and most of it can be consumed in air at high temperature without effective protection for the polymer. This has resulted in remarkable increase in flame retardancy of the HIPS/EG/MRP composite.

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“…However, WPCs show an increased fire risk in comparison with wood because of the high heating value of polyolefin polymers [4]. To reduce the flammability of WPCs, many methods were used to treat the WPCs, and the most expeditious method used to acquire flame retardancy was the incorporation of fire retardants during the compounding process [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition of fire-retarded wood flour/polypropylene composites

Sun

Xie

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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The influence of magnesium hydroxide (MH), expandable graphite (EG), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on the kinetic property and degradation mechanisms of wood flour/polypropylene composites (WPPC) was investigated using thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The kinetic parameters were determined using Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (F-W-O) methods. Criado method was used to investigate the probable degradation mechanisms. Thermogravimetric results indicated that EG and APP accelerated the degradation process of wood flour and promoted an increase in the conversion value at low temperatures. The activation energy values obtained through Kissinger and F-W-O methods were 161-178 kJ mol -1 (wood flour degradation stage) and 234-305 kJ mol -1 (polypropylene degradation stage) for WPPC with or without fire retardants. The degradation mechanism of wood flour occurred by diffusion in three-dimensional processes when the conversion value was below 0.8. Polypropylene and fire retardants had no direct influence on the degradation mechanism of wood flour. In the polypropylene decomposition stage, the degradation of WPPC without fire retardant followed phase-boundarycontrolled reaction mechanism. However, the behavior of WPPC incorporation of MH, EG, or APP was governed by nucleation and growth mechanism.

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Residue Stabilization in the Fire Retardancy of Wood–Plastic Composites: Combination of Ammonium Polyphosphate, Expandable Graphite, and Red Phosphorus

Cited by 69 publications

References 24 publications

Characterization of commercial expandable graphite fire retardants

Characterization of commercial expandable graphite fire retardants

Structure and thermal property of intumescent char produced by flame‐retardant high‐impact polystyrene/expandable graphite/microencapsulated red phosphorus composite

Thermal decomposition of fire-retarded wood flour/polypropylene composites

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