Toxicity of Selected Chemicals

Fried, Kristian W.; Rozman, Karl K.; Summer, Karl‐Heinz; Halbach, Stefan; Kappus, Herrmann; Greim, Helmut; Borm, Paul; Degen, Gisela H.; Owens, James W. M.; Dekant, W.; Anders, M.W.; Szinicz, L.; Zilker, Thomas

doi:10.1002/9780470868959.ch6

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In this work, fully halogen-free OSCs with the architecture ITO/AZO/active layer/MoO 3 /Ag were fabricated, based on the nonhalogenated active blend PBDB-T:ITIC and the halogen-free processing solvent CS 2 without any additive. Although it is harmful to humans, the CS 2 solvent is considered as “green” at this early stage of environmental awareness. The performance and stability were studied and discussed to explore the potential of this class of OSCs, with emphasis focused on the sensitive thermal stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient and Thermally Stable Organic Solar Cells via a Fully Halogen-Free Active Blend and Solvent

Zhao

Yin

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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The state-of-the-art organic solar cells (OSCs) are basically based on halogenated active materials and solvents. However, halogens/halides could be detrimental to the stability of OSCs due to their corrosiveness to the interface and the electrode. On the other hand, the introduction of halogens, especially the use of halogen solvents, could cause hazards to the environment, further limiting the application of OSCs. Thus, it is meaningful to explore and develop efficient and stable OSCs based on halogen-free materials and solvents. It is demonstrated that fully halogen-free OSCs deliver efficient performance as well with an efficiency of 10.42%, based on the nonhalogenated active blend PBDB-T:ITIC and the nonhalogenated processing solvent CS2. More importantly, superior thermal stability is achieved for the halogen-free cells, with 95% of the initial efficiency retained in 1400 h under 85 °C in a N2 atmosphere, due to the stabilized blend morphology and impeded corrosion of the metal electrode. These results provide insights into the thermal degradation of OSCs and suggest possible rules/directions for the design of active materials and selection of solvents to achieve efficient and thermally stable OSCs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient and Thermally Stable Organic Solar Cells via a Fully Halogen-Free Active Blend and Solvent

Zhao

Yin

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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“…Exposure to cadmium occurs as a result of atmospheric emission during Cd production and processing, from combustion of fossil energy sources, waste and sludge, phosphate fertilizers and deposition of waste and slag at disposal sites. Higher concentrations of cadmium are found in the kidneys of animals slaughtered for food, in wild mushrooms and in seafood such as mussels and oysters (Fried et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium, cadmium and diazinon insecticide in tissues of rats after peroral exposure

Toman

Tunegová

2017

Potr. S. J. F. Sci.

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The concentrations of selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd) and diazinon (DZN) in selected tissues of rats after an oral administration in various combinations were analyzed. Male rats were orally dosed with diazinon (40 mg.L -1 ), diazinon (40 mg.L -1 ) +selenium (5 mg.L -1 ), diazinon (40 mg.L -1 ) +cadmium (30 mg.L -1 ), and diazinon (40 mg.L -1 ) +selenium (5 mg.L -1 ) +cadmium (30 mg.L -1 ) in drinking water. After 90 days of per oral administration of compounds, the samples of liver, kidney, muscle tissue (m. quadriceps femoris), and adipose tissue were collected. The content of DZN was analyzed using Gas Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Cd was analyzed using an Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS) and Se using a Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HG-AAS) methods. Cadmium significantly increased in liver and kidney after DZN +Cd and DZN +Se +Cd administration. Se significantly increased in liver of DZN +Se, DZN +Se +Cd and DZN +Cd exposed rats, in kidney of DZN +Se and DZN +Se +Cd and DZN +Cd, and in muscle of DZN +Se +Cd group. Highest DZN content was found in the adipose tissue in DZN, DZN +Cd and DZN +Se +Cd but not in combined exposure with Se. Anyway, the differences between the control and experimental groups were not significant. The results indicate that cadmium and selenium accumulate mainly in liver, kidney and selenium also in muscle after p.o. administration but diazinon concentrations increases were not signifcant. The coadministration of diazinon, Se and Cd affects the content of these compounds in the organism and the accumulation rate depends on the combination of administered compounds. Diazinon and cadmium could contribute to the selenium redistribution in the organism after the peroral intake.

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“…Meat, fish and fruits generally contain up to 50 µg Cd/kg fresh weight, whereas vegetables, potatoes and grain products may contain up to 150 µg Cd/kg fresh weight. Higher concentrations are found in the kidneys of animals slaughtered for food, in wild mushrooms and in seafood such as mussels and oysters (Fried and Rozman, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium and Cadmium Tissue Concentrations and the CASA Sperm Motility Analysis after Administration to Rats

Toman¹,

Hluchý²,

Massányi³

et al. 2014

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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The accumulation of Selenium (Se) and Cadmium (Cd) and their effects on sperm motility parameters in rats were investigated. Male rats were dosed with Cd (group A: 2 mg kg −1 b.w., intraperitoneally, group B: 30 mg L −1 , per os in drinking water) and Se (group D: 2 mg kg −1 b.w., intraperitoneally, group E: 5 mg L −1 , per os in drinking water). 36 h after an intraperitoneal (i.p.) and after 90 days of per oral (p.o.) administration of Cd and Se, the samples of liver, kidney, adipose tissue and muscle tissue (m. quadriceps femoris) were collected and content of Cd was analyzed using an Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS) and Se using a Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HG-AAS) methods. Sperm motility parameters were performed using a Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) method. A significant increase in Cd (p<0.0001) and Se (p<0.01) in liver, Cd (p<0.05) in kidney and adipose tissue and Cd (p<0.0001) and Se (p<0.01) in muscle tissue were found after an i.p. administration of Cd. After the per oral Cd administration, increases in Cd (p<0.0001) in liver, Cd and Se (p<0.0001) in kidney, Se in adipose tissue (p<0.05) and in muscle tissue (p<0.0001) contents were observed. In group D, increase in Se in liver and kidney (p<0.0001), in muscle (p<0.05) and the decrease in kidney Cd contents (p<0.0001) were found. Significant increase in Se in liver, kidney, adipose tissue (p<0.0001) and in muscle (p<0.01) contents were recorded in group E. All evaluated sperm motility parameters significantly decreased in groups B, D and E. Intraperitoneal administration of Cd caused the significant decrease in the motility (p<0.01), progressive motility (p<0.001), Straightness (STR) and Beat-Cross Frequency (BCF) (p<0.05) in exposed males. The concentration of selenium in tissues changes in relation to cadmium intake and vice-versa. Increased intake of Se negatively affects the sperm motility. Cd intake affected the sperm motility more significantly after a per oral administration than that exposed intraperitoneally. Both elements can increase their levels in the organism and it can result to symptoms of reduced male fertility or infertility.

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Toxicity of Selected Chemicals

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Efficient and Thermally Stable Organic Solar Cells via a Fully Halogen-Free Active Blend and Solvent

Efficient and Thermally Stable Organic Solar Cells via a Fully Halogen-Free Active Blend and Solvent

Selenium, cadmium and diazinon insecticide in tissues of rats after peroral exposure

Selenium and Cadmium Tissue Concentrations and the CASA Sperm Motility Analysis after Administration to Rats

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