Torwards marketable efficiency solution-processed kesterite and chalcopyrite photovoltaic devices

The path towards a high-performance solution-processed kesterite solar cell

“…[108], similar to that observed in CuInSe 2 À x S x , with a linear combination of the 332 and 196 cm À 1 peaks and some noticeable peak broadening and slight shifts in peak position (Fig. 10, top panel) [107]. Taking the ratios of [26,105,107].…”

“…8). Also, recent work demonstrated successful transfer of this approach from pure hydrazine solutions to more industry-friendly aqueous-based (diluted hydrazine) solvent vehicles, with initial device efficiencies already reaching 8.1% (0.45 cm 2 device area) [106,107]. Further discussion of device characterization on the record CZTSSe devices prepared from hydrazine solutions will be given in the next section.…”

“…Many of the discussions below on electrical characterization will therefore focus on a specific set of CZTSSe devices processed at IBM using solution-and vacuum-based approaches [26,62,106,107].…”

“…Fig. 9 shows how the diffraction pattern for the CZTSSe kesterite differs from that for the analogous CIGSSe chalcopyrite [107]. The refined lattice constants for the particular two solution-processed films with comparable Se content ( Fig.…”

“…10 shows the Raman spectra of CZTSSe thin films with varying S:Se ratio. The full-sulfur CZTS data is obtained from a thermally evaporated film [62], while the other data sets are obtained from hydrazine-processed films [107]. The major peaks in the Raman spectra arise from the A 1 vibration mode of the lattice, where the group VI atoms (S or Se) vibrate while the rest of atoms remain fixed and the vibration frequency is given by…”