Timing Performances of Large Area Silicon Photomultipliers Fabricated at STMicroelectronics

Mazzillo, M.; Condorelli, G.; Sanfilippo, D.; Valvo, G.; Carbone, B.; Piana, A.; Fallica, G.; Ronzhin, A.; Demarteau, M.; Łoś, S.; Ramberg, E.

doi:10.1109/tns.2010.2049122

Cited by 47 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…If compared with standard vacuum PMTs, SiPMs show higher quantum efficiency, especially in the near infrared, low operating voltage (<30 V) with a comparable gain (>10 6 ), ruggedness, compact size, and reduced sensitivity with temperature, voltage fluctuations, and magnetic fields [6]- [12]. Furthermore, solid-state technology owns the typical advantages of the planar integration process: SiPMs can be manufactured at lower costs and with higher reproducibility with respect to PMTs [13], [14]. SiPMs show several advantages compared with APDs fabricated in conventional CMOS technology [15], such as: low bias voltage, higher responsivity, and photon detection efficiency in the visible and near infrared range, excellent single-photon response, fast rise time ( 1 ns), and low power consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of Silicon Photomultipliers Responsivity in Continuous Wave Regime

Adamo

Agrò

Stivala

et al. 2013

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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We report on the electrical and optical characterization,\ud in continuous wave regime, of a novel class of silicon\ud photomultipliers fabricated in standard planar technology on a\ud silicon p-type substrate. Responsivity measurements, performed\ud with an incident optical power down to tenths of picowatts, at\ud different reverse bias voltages and on a broad (340–820 nm)\ud spectrum, will be shown and discussed. The device temperature\ud was monitored, allowing us to give a physical interpretation of the\ud measurements. The obtained results demonstrate that such novel\ud silicon photomultipliers are suitable as sensitive power meters\ud for low photon fluxes

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of Silicon Photomultipliers Responsivity in Continuous Wave Regime

Adamo

Agrò

Stivala

et al. 2013

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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“…At least two flavors exist of SiPMs: analog and digital. An analog SiPM (A-SiPM) consists of an array of avalanche photodiodes operating in Geiger mode (also known as single-photon avalanche diodes or SPADs), whose avalanche currents are summed in one node [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The resulting current is proportional to the number of detected photons, thus providing single-and multiplephoton detection capability.…”

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confidence: 99%

Timing optimization utilizing order statistics and multichannel digital silicon photomultipliers

2014

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We present an optimization technique utilizing order statistics with a multichannel digital silicon photomultiplier (MD-SiPM) for timing measurements. Accurate timing measurements are required by 3D rangefinding and time-offlight positron emission tomography, to name a few applications. We have demonstrated the ability of the MD-SiPM to detect multiple photons, and we verified the advantage of detecting multiple photons assuming incoming photons follow a Gaussian distribution. We have also shown the advantage of utilizing multiple timestamps for estimating time-of-arrivals more accurately. This estimation technique can be widely available in various applications, which have a certain probability density function of incoming photons, such as a scintillator or a laser source.

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“…Single channel SiPM detectors, coupled one-to-one to scintillation crystals, have rapidly demonstrated the potential of SiPM-based PET scanners. 5,6 Recently there has been significant academic and industrial development of large area multichannel SiPM technologies [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] giving rise to many SiPM-based detector and scanner designs. Besides developing new high performance devices, large-area SiPM modules are also being developed, and some of these modules now include the readout electronics to facilitate the fabrication of PET scanners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Matrix9 silicon photomultiplier array for small‐animal PET

Schmall

Yang

et al. 2015

Medical Physics

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Purpose: The MatrixSL-9-30035-OEM (Matrix9) from SensL is a large-area silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) photodetector module consisting of a 3 × 3 array of 4 × 4 element SiPM arrays (total of 144 SiPM pixels) and incorporates SensL's front-end electronics board and coincidence board. Each SiPM pixel measures 3.16 × 3.16 mm 2 and the total size of the detector head is 47.8 × 46.3 mm 2 . Using 8 × 8 polished LSO/LYSO arrays (pitch 1.5 mm) the performance of this detector system (SiPM array and readout electronics) was evaluated with a view for its eventual use in small-animal positron emission tomography (PET). Methods: Measurements of noise, signal, signal-to-noise ratio, energy resolution, flood histogram quality, timing resolution, and array trigger error were obtained at different bias voltages (28.0-32.5 V in 0.5 V intervals) and at different temperatures (5• C degree steps) to find the optimal operating conditions. Results: The best measured signal-to-noise ratio and flood histogram quality for 511 keV gamma photons were obtained at a bias voltage of 30.0 V and a temperature of 5• C. The energy resolution and timing resolution under these conditions were 14.2% ± 0.1% and 4.2 ± 0.1 ns, respectively. The flood histograms show that all the crystals in the 1.5 mm pitch LSO array can be clearly identified and that smaller crystal pitches can also be resolved. Flood histogram quality was also calculated using different center of gravity based positioning algorithms. Improved and more robust results were achieved using the local 9 pixels for positioning along with an energy offset calibration. To evaluate the front-end detector readout, and multiplexing efficiency, an array trigger error metric is introduced and measured at different lower energy thresholds. Using a lower energy threshold greater than 150 keV effectively eliminates any mispositioning between SiPM arrays. Conclusions: In summary, the Matrix9 detector system can resolve high-resolution scintillator arrays common in small-animal PET with adequate energy resolution and timing resolution over a large detector area. The modular design of the Matrix9 detector allows it to be used as a building block for simple, low channel-count, yet high performance, small animal PET or PET/MRI systems. C 2015 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. [http://dx

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Timing Performances of Large Area Silicon Photomultipliers Fabricated at STMicroelectronics

Cited by 47 publications

References 21 publications

Measurements of Silicon Photomultipliers Responsivity in Continuous Wave Regime

Measurements of Silicon Photomultipliers Responsivity in Continuous Wave Regime

Timing optimization utilizing order statistics and multichannel digital silicon photomultipliers

Evaluation of Matrix9 silicon photomultiplier array for small‐animal PET

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