Time-of-Flight 3D imaging for mixed-critical systems

Druml, Norbert; Fleischmann, Gerwin; Heidenreich, Christoph; Leitner, Andrea; Martin, Helmut; Herndl, Thomas; Holweg, Gerald

doi:10.1109/indin.2015.7281943

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Time-of-Flight (ToF) is a technology providing distance information by measuring the travel time of emitted infrared light with the help of photonic mixing devices (PMD), cf. [3]. However, the provided raw data of a ToF sensor requires processing in order to obtain depth data, which is typically done in software.…”

Section: Time-of-flight 3d Imaging On Zynqmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Hardware Technologies for Mixed-Critical Integration Explored in the Project $$EMC^2$$

Isakovic

Grosu

Ratasich

et al. 2017

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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In the sandbox world of cyber-physical systems and internetof-things a number of applications is only eclipsed by a number of products that provide solutions for specific problem or set of problems. Initiatives like the European project EM C 2 serve as cross-disciplinary incubators for novel technologies and fuse them together with state-ofthe-art industrial applications. This paper reflects on challenges in scope of hardware architectures and related technologies. It also provides a short overview of several technologies explored in the project that provide bridging solutions for these problems.

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Section: Time-of-flight 3d Imaging On Zynqmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Hardware Technologies for Mixed-Critical Integration Explored in the Project $$EMC^2$$

Isakovic

Grosu

Ratasich

et al. 2017

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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“…Figure 1. Measurement principle of a camera-based ToF sensor using the amplitude modulated continuous wave measurement technique (REAL3 TM 3D Image Sensor, adapted from (Druml et al, 2015) The simulation of a camera-based ToF sensor is essential to estimate sensor performance and accuracy, as well as to help identifying its limitations. Understanding these limits is important to improve the robustness of the distance measurements and the pattern recognition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Procedure Enabling Simulation and in-Depth Analysis of Optical Effects in Camera-Based Time-of-Flight Sensors

Baumgart

Druml

Consani

2018

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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This paper presents a simulation approach for Time-of-Flight cameras to estimate sensor performance and accuracy, as well as to help understanding experimentally discovered effects. The main scope is the detailed simulation of the optical signals. We use a raytracing-based approach and use the optical path length as the master parameter for depth calculations. The procedure is described in detail with references to our implementation in Zemax OpticStudio and Python. Our simulation approach supports multiple and extended light sources and allows accounting for all effects within the geometrical optics model. Especially multi-object reflection/scattering ray-paths, translucent objects, and aberration effects (e.g. distortion caused by the ToF lens) are supported. The optical path length approach also enables the implementation of different ToF senor types and transient imaging evaluations. The main features are demonstrated on a simple 3D test scene.

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“…Measurement principle of a camera-based ToF sensor using the phase measurement technique (REAL3 TM 3D Image Sensor scheme based on description given in[1]). …”

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confidence: 99%

Investigating Intense Rainfall Influence on Distance Measurement with a Time-of-Flight Camera Sensor Using Optical Ray-Tracing Simulation Technique

et al. 2018

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Robust, fast and reliable examination of the surroundings is essential for further advancements in autonomous driving and robotics. Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera sensors are a key technology to measure surrounding objects and their distances on a pixel basis in real-time. Environmental effects, like rain in front of the sensor, can influence the distance accuracy of the sensor. Here we use an optical ray-tracing based procedure to examine the rain effect on the ToF image. Simulation results are presented for experimental rain droplet distributions, characteristic of intense rainfall at rates of 25 mm/h and 100 mm/h. The ray-tracing based simulation data and results serve as an input for developing and testing rain signal suppression strategies.

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Time-of-Flight 3D imaging for mixed-critical systems

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

A Survey of Hardware Technologies for Mixed-Critical Integration Explored in the Project $$EMC^2$$

A Survey of Hardware Technologies for Mixed-Critical Integration Explored in the Project $$EMC^2$$

Procedure Enabling Simulation and in-Depth Analysis of Optical Effects in Camera-Based Time-of-Flight Sensors

Investigating Intense Rainfall Influence on Distance Measurement with a Time-of-Flight Camera Sensor Using Optical Ray-Tracing Simulation Technique

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