Procedure Enabling Simulation and in-Depth Analysis of Optical Effects in Camera-Based Time-of-Flight Sensors

Baumgart, Marcus; Druml, Norbert; Consani, Cristina

doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-83-2018

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Especially global illumination (e.g., multi-object reflection/scattering ray-paths, translucent objects) and aberration effects (e.g., distortion caused by the ToF sensor's lens) are supported. Further details about the simulation procedure can be found in [2]. In the following, the Direct-ToF implementation is used to reconstruct the depth signals.…”

Section: Simulation Methods and Considered Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Intense Rainfall Influence on Distance Measurement with a Time-of-Flight Camera Sensor Using Optical Ray-Tracing Simulation Technique

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Robust, fast and reliable examination of the surroundings is essential for further advancements in autonomous driving and robotics. Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera sensors are a key technology to measure surrounding objects and their distances on a pixel basis in real-time. Environmental effects, like rain in front of the sensor, can influence the distance accuracy of the sensor. Here we use an optical ray-tracing based procedure to examine the rain effect on the ToF image. Simulation results are presented for experimental rain droplet distributions, characteristic of intense rainfall at rates of 25 mm/h and 100 mm/h. The ray-tracing based simulation data and results serve as an input for developing and testing rain signal suppression strategies.

show abstract

Section: Simulation Methods and Considered Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Intense Rainfall Influence on Distance Measurement with a Time-of-Flight Camera Sensor Using Optical Ray-Tracing Simulation Technique

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The distance information is reconstructed on a per-pixel basis either according to a four-step phase detection (correlation-based ToF) or directly from the average time-delay of the rays hitting the pixel (direct ToF). The difference between the two evaluation procedures was described previously [4], and the latter is used for this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fog Effects on Time-of-Flight Imaging Investigated by Ray-Tracing Simulations

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors are a key technology for autonomous vehicles and autonomous mobile robotics. Quantifying the extent of perturbation induced by atmospheric phenomena on ToF imaging is critical to identify effective correction strategies. Here we present an approach that uses optical ray-tracing to simulate the ToF image, while the distance information is recovered by analyzing the optical path of each ray. Such an approach allows, for example, understanding the effects of different ray paths on the ToF image, or testing various retrieval/correction algorithms upon running a single ray-tracing simulation. By modelling several scattering scenarios, we show that ranging errors arise mostly from light backscattered to the sensor prior reaching the scene. Scattering events close to the sensors (<1 m) have the largest influence, therefore strategies capable of filtering out signals from distances shorter than the range of interest can significantly improve the accuracy of ToF sensors.

show abstract

Imaging simulation of the AMCW ToF camera based on path tracking

Yan

Wang

et al. 2022

Appl. Opt.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The time-of-flight (ToF) camera suffers from many error factors, such as multiple reflection or multipath interference and electronic and optical shot noise, making it difficult to simulate its imaging process. Aiming to test the ToF camera algorithm, it is important to obtain a depth image affected by these error factors. In order to model the light propagation behavior and the sensor effect in the imaging process of the ToF camera, an amplitude modulated continuous-wave (AMCW) ToF camera imaging simulation method based on path tracking is presented by deducing the path tracking algorithm model in the AMCW ToF camera theoretically and by realizing the physically based simulation by introducing the infrared bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) data of the actual materials. According to the constructed error evaluation indexes, the correctness of the imaging simulation method is verified based on the ground experiment. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are 10.32 mm and 15.12 mm, respectively, which are less than the error results of the other two comparative simulation methods. The results show that the proposed method is reasonable and can provide reliable data support for AMCW ToF hardware development and algorithm testing.

show abstract

Procedure Enabling Simulation and in-Depth Analysis of Optical Effects in Camera-Based Time-of-Flight Sensors

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Investigating Intense Rainfall Influence on Distance Measurement with a Time-of-Flight Camera Sensor Using Optical Ray-Tracing Simulation Technique

Investigating Intense Rainfall Influence on Distance Measurement with a Time-of-Flight Camera Sensor Using Optical Ray-Tracing Simulation Technique

Fog Effects on Time-of-Flight Imaging Investigated by Ray-Tracing Simulations

Imaging simulation of the AMCW ToF camera based on path tracking

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About