Thermodynamics and phase diagrams of lead-free solder materials

Ipser, Herbert; Flandorfer, Hans; Luef, Ch.; Schmetterer, Clemens; Saeed, Usman

doi:10.1007/s10854-006-9009-3

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…36,37 Bu araştırmada incelenmeyen bir konu olması nedeniyle, süt ve süt ürünlerinde kurşun ile antimon seviyeleri arasındaki korelasyon konusunda bir yorum yapılamamıştır.…”

Section: Gereç Ve Yöntemlerunclassified

Heavy Metal Contamination in Milk and Dairy Products

Istanbulluoglu¹,

Ogur²,

Tekbaş³

et al. 2013

Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci

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410üt, dişi memeli hayvanların süt bezlerinde yavrularını beslemek amacıyla üretilmektedir. Sütten elde edilen çeşitli gıdalara "süt ürünleri" adı verilmekte, peynir, kaymak, yoğurt gibi gıdalar "süt ürünleri" baş- Süt ve Süt ÜrünlerindeAğır Metal Kirliliği Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Kadmiyum, kurşun, cıva ve arsenik gibi önemli toksik ağır metaller insan sağlığı için bir tehdit olarak kabul edilmektedir. Süt ve süt ürünlerinde ağır metal kirliliği özellikle çevre koşullarına bağlı ise de, üretim süreci sırasındaki çeşitli faktörler sebebiyle de bulaşma olabileceği kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ülkemizde satışa sunulan süt ve süt ürünlerinde ağır metal seviyelerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Bu çalışma Ankara'daki büyük marketlerde satışa sunulan ambalajlı sütler ve süt ürünleri ile Ankara'da semt pazarlarından ve seyyar satıcılardan toplanmış açıkta satılan sütler ve süt ürünlerini kapsamaktadır. Ambalajlı süt ürünleri beyaz peynir, kaşar peyniri ve meyveli yoğurttan, açıkta satılan süt ürünleri beyaz peynir ve kaşar peynirinden oluşmaktadır. Süt ve süt ürünlerinde; cıva, arsenik, kadmiyum, selenyum, baryum ve antimon ağır metallerinin miktarı araştırılmıştır. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Ürünler, açıkta ve ambalajlı satılanlar olarak gruplanmış ve ağır metal içeriklerinin dağılımları incelenmiştir. Ambalajlı ürünlerde, baryum, kadmiyum, cıva, antimon ve arsenik içeriği açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı fark saptanmıştır (sırasıyla p= 0,01; 0,034; 0,044; <0,01 ve <0,01). Açıkta satılan ürünlerde baryum, cıva ve arsenik içeriği açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı fark bulunmaktadır (p<0,01). S So on nu uç ç: : Süt ve süt ürünleri ile ilgili ciddi bir denetim mekanizması geliştirilmelidir. Toplum sağlığını tehdit eden ürünlerin satışı engellenmelidir.A An na ah ht ta ar r K Ke el li im me el le er r: : Süt; süt ürünleri; metaller, ağır A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : Heavy metals like cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic are the major toxic heavy metals posing a threat to human health. Heavy metal content of milk and dairy products are usually due to various environmental conditions, but the contamination may occur during the production process due to various factors. The aim of this study is to detect the levels of some heavy metals in milk and dairy products. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : The present study is includes packaged milk and dairy products offered for sale in the big supermarkets and street-vended milk and dairy products collected from the open street markets and street vendors in Ankara. Packaged dairy products studied consisted of white cheese, kashar cheese and fruit yogurt while street-vended dairy products were white cheese and kashar cheese. The levels of mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, barium and antimony were analyzed in milk and dairy products. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : Heavy metal content distributions of packaged and street-vended products are analyzed. Significant differe...

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“…36,37 Bu araştırmada incelenmeyen bir konu olması nedeniyle, süt ve süt ürünlerinde kurşun ile antimon seviyeleri arasındaki korelasyon konusunda bir yorum yapılamamıştır.…”

Section: Gereç Ve Yöntemlerunclassified

Heavy Metal Contamination in Milk and Dairy Products

Istanbulluoglu¹,

Ogur²,

Tekbaş³

et al. 2013

Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci

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“…Very recently, Ipser et al 26 presented preliminary suggestions for the isothermal section at 450°C and for the liquidus projection. While being similar to the version of Chen et al 25 in the basic outline, there are considerable differences in many details.…”

Section: The System Ag-ni-snmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All binary phases in the Ag-Ni-Sn system and its constituent systems are given in Table I, while Table II summarizes the invariant ternary reactions discovered in this system so far, according to Chen et al 25 and Ipser et al 26 …”

Section: The System Ag-ni-snmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the differences in composition among the various Ni 3 Sn 2 phases were very small, EPMA alone did not yield reliable results in this area. Owing to the complexity of this area and the complications just mentioned, the position of some corners of certain phase fields had been left out in the earlier work of Ipser et al 26 The investigation of additional samples allowed the evaluation presented in Fig. 5 …”

Section: Phase Equilibria At 450°cmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Phase Equilibria in the Ag-Ni-Sn System: Isothermal Sections

Schmetterer

Flandorfer

Richter

et al. 2007

Journal of Elec Materi

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The ternary system Ag-Ni-Sn is one of the constituents of the quaternary system Ag-Cu-Ni-Sn, which is of interest for the investigation of the interactions of Ag-Cu-Sn solder alloys with Ni as a substrate. Until now, only limited research has been done on the Ag-Ni-Sn system, especially in the (Ag,Ni)-rich part, most probably due to experimental difficulties caused by the monotectic reaction in the Ag-Ni binary system, which extends far into the ternary. In the present work a comprehensive study of the phase equilibria in four isothermal sections of the Ag-Ni-Sn system at 200, 450, 700, and 1050°C was carried out employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), metallography, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). No evidence for the existence of a ternary phase was obtained, and, in most cases, ternary solubilities of the binary phases were found to be insignificant. The liquid miscibility gap at high temperatures caused a number of serious experimental problems during sample preparation.

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“…Enthalpies of mixing of liquid ternary Bi-Cu-Sn alloys at 800 o C in a large composition range were reported by Ipser at al. [6] and Flandorfer et al [7]. The activity of bismuth in liquid dilute Cu-Sn-Bi alloys by the method of equilibrium saturation with metal vapour, at 1373 K was determined by Wnuk and Romanowska [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic analysis and characterization of Bi–Cu–Sn alloys as advanced lead-free solder materials for high temperature application

Živković

Minić²,

Manasijević

et al. 2010

J Mater Sci: Mater Electron

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Due to the frequent use of Cu as a substrate material in electronics, it is of importance to understand the interactions between these solders and the substrate, based on the knowledge of the phase equilibria, thermodynamics and other characteristics of the Bi-Cu-Sn system. The results of thermodynamic analysis and characterization of Bi-Cu-Sn alloys as advanced lead-free solder materials for high temperature application are presented in this paper. The research inlcudes analytical investigations done by thermodynamic predicting according to GSM method and experimental investigations performed by differential thermal analysis, optical microscopy, hardness and electroconductivity measurements.

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Thermodynamics and phase diagrams of lead-free solder materials

Cited by 27 publications

References 37 publications

Heavy Metal Contamination in Milk and Dairy Products

Heavy Metal Contamination in Milk and Dairy Products

Phase Equilibria in the Ag-Ni-Sn System: Isothermal Sections

Thermodynamic analysis and characterization of Bi–Cu–Sn alloys as advanced lead-free solder materials for high temperature application

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