Theobromine Toxicity and Remediation of Cocoa By-products: An Overview

Adamafio, N.A.

doi:10.3923/jbs.2013.570.576

Cited by 55 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…However, although it was not measured in this study, theobromine is assumed to not be toxic to heifers. The explanation for this is that, as described by Adamafio (2013), when under the toxic effect of theobromine, ruminants display reactions of excitability, reduced heart frequency, and digestive disorders. No behavioral alterations were observed in the animals during the experimental period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cocoa byproduct in diets for dairy heifers

et al. 2018

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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85) with levels of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) byproduct (0, 8, 16, and 24%, diet dry matter basis) in the diet of 16 Holstein × Gir heifers with an average body weight of 363.0±27.7 kg on their nutrient intake, digestibility, and protein balance. The experimental period was 17 days, and the sample collection period was five days. There was no effect of cocoa byproduct on nutrient intake. However, the byproduct affected the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, all of which decreased as the level of inclusion of the byproduct in the diet was increased. Nitrogen balance was negatively affected by the inclusion of 24% cocoa byproduct. It is recommended to use cocoa byproduct up to the level of 16% to replace Tifton 85 grass hay in diets for dairy heifers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cocoa byproduct in diets for dairy heifers

et al. 2018

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“…For example, Arlorio et al [5] reported that cacao bean hull, principal by-product from cacao industry, was commonly used as a secondary source of theobromine (1.29 g/100 g by dry weight), while Hammerstone and Chimel [6] extracted theobromine from cacao solids using various solvents, including isopropanol, methanol, and ethanol at different temperatures and found that the highest theobromine content was obtained by ethanol at 50 • C. Peralta-Jiménez and Cañizares-Macías [7] also used an ultrasound-assisted method with heated water at 80 • C for the extraction of theobromine and caffeine from cacao seeds and chocolate products, and indicated that the extraction efficiency of theobromine from cacao seeds and chocolate products increased 43.6% and 23%, respectively, when compared to conventional stirring extraction methods. Munier and Hartadi [8] reported that fresh cacao pod husk contained 0.40% theobromine and it was greatly reduced during fermentation by A. oryzae, and Adamafio [9] mentioned theobromine toxicity, theobromine catabolism, and de-theobromine methods from cacao by-products.…”

Section: Plant Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peralta-Jiménez and Cañizares-Macías [7] also used an ultrasound-assisted method with heated water at 80 °C for the extraction of theobromine and caffeine from cacao seeds and chocolate products, and indicated that the extraction efficiency of theobromine from cacao seeds and chocolate products increased 43.6% and 23%, respectively, when compared to conventional stirring extraction methods. Munier and Hartadi [8] reported that fresh cacao pod husk contained 0.40% theobromine and it was greatly reduced during fermentation by A. oryzae, and Adamafio [9] mentioned theobromine toxicity, theobromine catabolism, and de-theobromine methods from cacao by-products.…”

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confidence: 99%

Proximate Composition, Extraction, and Purification of Theobromine from Cacao Pod Husk (Theobroma Cacao L.)

Nguyen

2017

Technologies

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Abstract:The aims of this study were to determine the proximate composition of cacao pod husk as well as the optimal conditions for extraction and purification of theobromine from cacao pod husk. The results indicated that cacao pod husk had high contents of moisture and carbohydrate (87.06% and 11.03% by fresh weight, respectively), but low contents of crude protein, crude lipid, and ash (0.31%, 0.12%, and 1.48% by fresh weight, respectively). The optimal conditions for extraction of theobromine from cacao pod husk were of 70% ethanol, with an extraction time of 90 min, and 1 as the number of extractions. A concentration of 10% by volume of 10% lead acetate solution was the best selection for purification of the crude extracts containing theobromine from cacao pod husk. Under these optimal conditions, theobromine content obtained from cacao pod husk was 6.79 mg/100 g dry weight.The finding from this study is a valuable contribution for obtaining theobromine from an abundant, inexpensive, renewable, and sustainable source for potential application in the nutraceutical, medical, and pharmaceutical industries.

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“…Peningkatan produksi kakao Indonesia sekitar 10% per tahun dengan perluasan kebun mencapai 10,6% per tahun. Biomassa perkebunan kakao yang potensial sebagai pakan ternak adalah kulit buah kakao (KBK), daun kakao (DK) dan limbah industri cocoa shell bean serta cocoa bean cake (Adamafio 2013). Beberapa negara yang telah mengembangkan bioindustri kakao dan kambing antara lain adalah Thailand, Nigeria dan Ghana.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

“…Proses fermentasi dalam silase dapat meningkatkan protein kasar dan melonggarkan ikatan lignoselulosa sehingga serat kasar turun dan kecernaan pakan menjadi lebih baik (Haryati & Sutikno 1994;Trach et al 1998;Granzin et al 2003;Serli et al 2011). Kandungan nutrisi KBK hampir sama dengan king grass dan dilaporkan mengandung theobromine yang bersifat antinutrisi (Adamafio 2013). Llamosas et al (1983) Sumber: Gunawan et al (2003) dan DK, maka penggunaan KBK dan DK sebagai pakan kambing sebaiknya diolah dalam bentuk silase, dilakukan pengkayaan nutrisi yang sekaligus meningkatkan palatabilitas (Zain 2009).…”

Section: Kandungan Nutrisi Biomassa Kebun Kakaounclassified

Development of Feed and Organic Fertilizer Bioindustry Based on Cocoa-Goat Integration

Gunawan¹,

Talib²

2017

WARTAZOA

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The cocoa farmers have experienced with problems on cocoa productivity and low income. The aim of this paper is to describe concept on the development of feed bioindustry and organic fertilizer based on cacao-goat integration to enhance productivity and farmers' income. The potential of cocoa-goat integration covers 1.4 million hectares of cocoa plantation and 7.8 million head of goats in nine provinces. Implementation of cocoa-goat integration allows to utilize cacao biomass as feed for goats, and goat's manure can be applied as fertilizer for cocoa plants. Bioindustry of feed is developed from 3.3 million tons biomass of cocoa, it is consisted of 1.9 million tons of cocoa pods and 1.4 million tons of cocoa leaves. Productions of solid and liquid organic fertilizer are 0.6 million tons and 344 million liters, respectively. The development of feed bioindustry and organic fertilizer are expected to improve the cocoa and goat productivities which will further increase the farmers' income. Key words: Bioindustry, feed, organic fertilizer, cocoa-goat integration ABSTRAKPetani kakao umumnya mengalami masalah produktivitas kakao dan pendapatan yang rendah. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah memberikan gagasan mengenai konsep pengembangan bioindustri pakan dan pupuk organik berbasis integrasi kakao-kambing untuk meningkatkan produktivitas kakao dan pendapatan petani. Potensi integrasi kakao-kambing meliputi 1,4 juta hektar kebun kakao dan 7,8 juta ekor ternak kambing di sembilan provinsi. Implementasi integrasi kakao-kambing dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan biomassa kakao sebagai pakan kambing dan kotoran kambing sebagai pupuk bagi tanaman kakao. Bioindustri pakan dikembangkan dari 3,3 juta ton biomassa kakao yang terdiri dari 1,9 juta ton kulit buah kakao dan 1,4 juta ton daun kakao. Pupuk organik padat yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebesar 0,6 juta ton dan pupuk organik cair sebesar 344 juta liter. Pengembangan bioindustri pakan dan pupuk organik diharapkan dapat menaikkan produktivitas kakao dan kambing sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan petani.

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Theobromine Toxicity and Remediation of Cocoa By-products: An Overview

Cited by 55 publications

References 19 publications

Cocoa byproduct in diets for dairy heifers

Cocoa byproduct in diets for dairy heifers

Proximate Composition, Extraction, and Purification of Theobromine from Cacao Pod Husk (Theobroma Cacao L.)

Development of Feed and Organic Fertilizer Bioindustry Based on Cocoa-Goat Integration

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