The Transfer of Chemicals from Clothing to Skin

Hollies, Norman R. S.; Krejčí, Veronika; Smith, I. Trevor

doi:10.1177/004051758205200603

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Selected values in j1g/m2/day are: plywood paneling 34,000, ladies dresses 570, 100% cotton drapery fabric 100-340, and 65% polyester/35% cotton children's clothes 35. By differential pulse polargraphy, Hollies et al (92) found that release of free formaldehyde from shirts did not exceed 10 ng/g in laboratory air that was drawn over the samples. Roberts & Rossano (93) studying the relationship of formaldehyde concentration on fabric to measurement of formaldehyde in the air surrounding the fabric found that as concentration on fabric increased so did concentration of formaldehyde in the air.…”

Section: What Is Known About the Transfer Of Formaldehyde From Fabricmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hollies et al (92) initiated work but they were unable to determine the quantity of solid resin transferred when fabric was held in· direct contact with skin. The quantity was less than the lower limit of detection (220 j1g!g) of their most sensitive analytical technique, flameless atomic absorption.…”

Section: What Is Known About the Transfer Of Formaldehyde From Fabricmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Textile chemical finish dermatitis

Hatch

Maibach

1986

Contact Dermatitis

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Section: What Is Known About the Transfer Of Formaldehyde From Fabricmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Is Known About the Transfer Of Formaldehyde From Fabricmentioning

confidence: 99%

Textile chemical finish dermatitis

Hatch

Maibach

1986

Contact Dermatitis

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“…It is necessary to investigate the transfer mechanisms of formaldehyde from the finished fabric to human skin to ascertain how much formaldehyde is actually released to cause ACD. Hollies et al 13 reported that three mechanisms of transfer to skin require consideration: (1) direct transfer of solid material arising from contact between fabric and skin; (2) direct transfer of vapor released by the fabric under conditions of use; (3) direct transfer in the liquid phase of chemicals leached from the fabric by sweat. In the case of durable press-finished fabrics, it was found that the release of formaldehyde from cotton fabric through the first and second mechanism is very low (<10 ngg À1 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Release behavior and kinetic evaluation of formaldehyde from cotton clothing fabrics finished with DMDHEU-based durable press agents in water and synthetic sweat solution

Dong

Wang

et al. 2016

Textile Research Journal

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The durable press-finished cotton fabrics were prepared with dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU) and methylated DMDHEU, and tested for formaldehyde release in distilled water or synthetic sweat at pH 5 or 8 to simulate the extraction of formaldehyde by sweat under similar wearing conditions. The release mechanism of formaldehyde was studied and compared using three diffusion kinetic models. The effect of release conditions and finishing process on the formaldehyde release was also investigated. The results indicated that the release process of formaldehyde from the finished fabric includes a burst release phase and a slow release phase, which is explained by five different sources. The formaldehyde release mechanism followed the Fickian mode, and could be described by Higuchi, Double phases and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic equations, respectively. Higher formaldehyde release was found at pH 8 than that at pH 5. Formaldehyde showed a lower release rate in synthetic sweat solution than that in water under the same conditions. Increasing water volume or temperature enhanced the formaldehyde release, suggesting that a high sweat rate and skin temperature may accelerate the formaldehyde release. When finishing the fabrics, a higher concentration of finishing agent and the addition of softener accelerated the formaldehyde release. However, increasing catalyst concentration and curing temperature could reduce the formaldehyde release. It is concluded that formaldehyde release can be effectively reduced by optimizing the durable press finishing process of cotton fabrics, thus possibly decreasing risk of allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde in textiles.Keywords durable press finishing, formaldehyde release, dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea, kinetic model Durable press agents (DP agents) are generally used to improve the wrinkle resistance of various clothing fabrics during wear and laundering. However, the majority of DP agents often contain significant levels of formaldehyde because they are created from the condensation product of formaldehyde with urea or melamine. Formaldehyde is a known human carcinogen, 1,2 which is released from the cotton clothing fabrics finished with formaldehyde-based DP agents in the last decades. Previous study 3 has found that large amounts of formaldehyde were concentrated in skin next to the durable press garment and relatively small amounts enter the body when rabbits were used as the test subjects. In the 1950s and 1960s, allergic contact

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The effect of synthetic dermal secretion on transfer and dissipation of the insecticide aldicarb from granular formulation to fabric

Nelson¹,

Braaten

Fleekert

1993

Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

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This research investigated the potential for contamination of fabric by aldicarb (Temik 15) pesticide. Fabric soiled with synthetic perspiration or synthetic sebum was contaminated with Temik granules for various time periods and extracted with methanol. Extracts were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography. The aldicarb transferred to both soiled and unsoiled fabric; however, the sebum soil and longer contact time increased the transfer of aldicarb to fabric. The dissipation of aldicarb from fabric was affected by the soil type and the formulation of the Temik granule. It is apparent a potential for dermal exposure to granular pesticide exists when the pesticide is trapped in pockets or folds of clothing.

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The Transfer of Chemicals from Clothing to Skin

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

Textile chemical finish dermatitis

Textile chemical finish dermatitis

Release behavior and kinetic evaluation of formaldehyde from cotton clothing fabrics finished with DMDHEU-based durable press agents in water and synthetic sweat solution

The effect of synthetic dermal secretion on transfer and dissipation of the insecticide aldicarb from granular formulation to fabric

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