The Preventive Effects of Greenshell Mussel (Perna canaliculus) on Early-Stage Metabolic Osteoarthritis in Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity

Abstract

The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) is rising worldwide, with the most pronounced increase being in the category of metabolic-associated osteoarthritis (MetOA). This is predicted to worsen with the global rise in aging societies and obesity. To address this health burden, research is being conducted to identify foods that can reduce the incidence or severity of MetOA. Oil from the Greenshell mussel (Perna canaliculus) (GSM), a native New Zealand shellfish, has been successfully used to reduce OA symptoms. The current study assessed the effect of including flash-dried powder from whole GSM meat as part of a normal (control) versus high-fat/high-sugar (HFHS) diet for 13 weeks on the development of MetOA in rats. Rats fed a HFHS diet developed metabolic dysregulation and obesity with elevated plasma leptin and HbA1C concentrations. Visible damage to knee joint cartilage was minimal, but plasma levels of C telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II), a biomarker of cartilage degradation, were markedly higher in HFHS-fed rats compared to control-fed rats. However, rats fed the HFHS diet containing GSM had significantly reduced serum CTX-II. Inclusion of GSM in rats fed the control diet also lowered CTX-II. These findings suggest that dietary GSM can reduce the incidence or slow the progression of early MetOA.

Effect of GreenshellTM Mussel on the Osteoarthritis Biomarkers and Inflammation in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Study Protocol for Randomized Double ‑ Blind Placebo ‑ Controlled Trial

“…The chondroprotective effect of GSM has recently been reported in an experimental model of OA. In this study, serum concentration of the cartilage degradation biomarker CTX-II was signi cantly reduced after GSM powder was added to the diet of rats actively developing metabolic OA [14]. Results from this preliminary study support the potential for an intervention study supplementing human subjects with GSM powder in order to slow the development of OA.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the rst randomized controlled trial that will determine the effect of whole meat GSM powder on cartilage metabolism, bone resorption, and in ammation biomarkers in overweight and obese postmenopausal women who at high risk of developing OA. The current study builds on a promising pre-clinical trial [14] which con rmed the chondroprotective effect of GSM powder in an experimental model of metabolic OA by reducing the CTX-II (decreasing type II collagen degradation) without any apparent adverse effects.…”

The Anti-Inflammatory and the Antinociceptive Effects of Mixed Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Extract

“…In recent decades, several studies have reported on the extracts from Perna canaliculus (PC) as a compelling candidate for the treatment of arthritis due to their anti-inflammation effect [ 24 , 25 ]. As such, we planned to compare the effects of ME and PC on the animal arthritis and inflammation models.…”

Bioavailability of Orally Administered Active Lipid Compounds from four Different Greenshell™ Mussel Formats

“…The GSM lipid fraction contains a high proportion of omega-3 long-chain (C ≥ 20) polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n -3 LC PUFAs), predominantly (DHA, 22:6 n -3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n -3), which are split between the triacyglycerol (TAG) and polar lipid (PL) classes [ 2 , 3 ]. These GSM products have been extensively tested in pre-clinical animal studies [ 4 , 5 ]. A recent review has identified a gap in the literature for GSM active ingredients regarding their pharmacokinetics and identification of the bioactive factors responsible for each observed therapeutic effect [ 4 ].…”

“…Nutraceutical products from GSM (both oil and powders) have been shown to have benefits in human clinical trials on the alleviation of osteo-/rheumatoid-arthritis [ 20 , 21 , 22 ], asthma [ 23 , 24 ], and adverse effects of exercise and/or inflammation [ 25 , 26 ]. With some new animal studies showing novel activity in protecting against cartilage damage in both early-stage and late-stage metabolic osteoarthritis [ 5 ], increasing lean mass accrual in diet-driven obesity, and reducing loss of bone mineral density in osteoporosis [ 27 ]. Due to the low lipid content of mussels (~2%), nutraceutical oils from GSM are produced on an industrial scale either by solvent extraction or by supercritical CO 2 extraction.…”