Bioavailability of Orally Administered Active Lipid Compounds from four Different Greenshell™ Mussel Formats

Abstract

Greenshell™ mussel (GSM, Perna canaliculus) is New Zealand’s most important aquaculture species. They are a good source of long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFA). Beyond a traditional food product, GSMs are also sold as mussel powders and oil extract formats in the nutraceutical markets. In this study, a four-sequence, single dose, randomized crossover human trial with eight evaluable healthy male participants was undertaken to determine the bioavailability of the n-3 LC PUFA in four different GSM formats (oil, powder, food ingredient and half-shell unprocessed whole mussel) by measuring area under the curve (AUC) and maximal concentration (CMax). Blood samples were collected at baseline and up to 48 h after initiation of product consumption in each administration period. There were minor differences between the bioavailability of FA (fatty acid) between the different GSM formats. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) peak concentrations and plasma exposures were significantly lower with GSM oil compared to GSM half-shell and GSM powder formats, which resulted in AUC0–48 for the intake of GSM half-shell mussel and GSM powder being significantly higher than that for GSM oil (p = 0.013, f= 4.84). This equated to a 20.6% and 24.3% increase in the amount of EPA present in the plasma after consumption of half-shell mussels and mussel powder respectively compared to GSM oil. GSM oil produced the shortest median time to maximal plasma n-3 LC PUFA concentration of all evaluated products demonstrated by a shorter maximum measured plasma concentration (TMax = 5 h). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-3 LC PUFA plasma exposure parameters were statistically comparable across the four GSM products evaluated.

Bioactive fatty acids from non‐conventional lipid sources and their potential application in functional food development

“…BFAs such as linoleic acid and its conjugated form (CLA), alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3, n‐3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n‐3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n‐3) have been identified and extensively studied in plant/vegetable, animal, and marine sources (Table 1 ). FAs such as ARA, EPA, and DHA are converted into eicosanoids which can regulate diverse homeostatic and inflammatory processes linked to numerous diseases including cancer and obesity, maintaining normal heart function and in hypertriglyceridemia management (Miller et al, 2020 ; Saini & Keum, 2018 ). Eicosanoids derived from omega‐3 or 6 LC‐PUFAs exhibit anti‐ and pro‐inflammatory activities, respectively (Saini & Keum, 2018 ).…”

“…These nonconventional lipid sources include a wide range of plant‐ and microbial‐based oils with unique compositions of BFAs, diverse array of fatty acids (FAs) with distinct nutritional and functional properties (Diomande et al, 2019 ; Gutiérrez‐Luna et al, 2022 ). They include seeds and leaves of under‐exploited oleaginous plants (hemp, pomegranate, jacaranda, sea buckthorn, njangsa), algae, and animal sources such as mussel, clam, and krill (Akonjuen & Aryee, 2023b ; Alonso‐Esteban et al, 2020 ; Miller et al, 2020 ; Otero, 2021 ; Van Nieuwenhove et al, 2019 ). These sources are sustainable with possibility of tailored compositions through genetic engineering or cultivation techniques (Aveiro et al, 2020 ; Prasad et al, 2021 ).…”

Cryopreservation of six Symbiodiniaceae genera and assessment of fatty acid profiles in response to increased salinity treatments

“…FAME samples were run in accordance with AOAC official methods 963.22 “Methyl Esters of fatty acids in oils and fats” 43 . In brief, FAME was analysed by gas chromatography (GC, Agilent Technologies, Victoria, Australia) performed using an Agilent 6890 with an Agilent SP-2560 silica capillary column (DKSH New Zealand Limited, Auckland, New Zealand) (100 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.2 µm film thickness) and peak area determined by flame ionized detection (FID).…”

Effects of Greenshell™ mussel intervention on biomarkers of cartilage metabolism, inflammatory markers and joint symptoms in overweight/obese postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial

“…Fatty acids were identified to an external commercial fatty acid standard. The analysis were done at the Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand and methodologies are published elsewhere ( 36 ).…”