The Potential of Oil Palm Ash and Eggshell Powder as Hybrid Biofillers in Natural Rubber Biocomposites

Ming, Philip Tan Shien; Chai, Ai Bao; Kamaruddin, Shamsul; Ying, Ch’ng Shiau

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/859/1/012013

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Furthermore, the influence of the amount of biofiller used on the properties of NR composites was explored. Biobased materials have been repeatedly reported as not improving the properties of polymer composites [ 40 ]; thus, we expected that both biofillers and additives, i.e., BmiCl and APTES, may affect the curing characteristics, mechanical properties and resistance of NR composites to thermo-oxidative aging. However, from the point of view of waste management, it is important to ensure that these biofillers do not deteriorate the most important properties of the polymer composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites

Sowińska‐Baranowska

Maciejewska

Duda

2022

IJMS

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The goal of this study was application of corn starch and ground walnut shells in various amounts by weight as biofillers of natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Additionally, ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) were used to increase the activity of biofillers and to improve the curing characteristics of NR composites. The effect of biofillers used and their modification with aminosilane or ionic liquid on the curing characteristics of NR composites and their functional properties, including crosslink density, mechanical properties in static and dynamic conditions, hardness, thermal stability and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging were investigated. Starch and ground walnut shells were classified as inactive fillers, which can be used alternatively to commercial inactive fillers, e.g., chalk. BmiCl and APTES were successfully used to support the vulcanization and to improve the dispersion of biofillers in NR elastomer matrix. Vulcanizates with starch, especially those containing APTES and BmiCl, exhibited improved tensile properties due to the higher crosslink density and homogenous dispersion of starch, which resulted from BmiCl addition. NR filled with ground walnut shells demonstrated improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging. It resulted from lignin present in walnut shells, the components of which belong to polyphenols, that have an antioxidant activity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites

Sowińska‐Baranowska

Maciejewska

Duda

2022

IJMS

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“…Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of various bio-fillers (majorly from agro-products) and their environmental advantages which include reduced consumption of nonrenewable materials and lowering of greenhouse gas emissions which in turn reduce environmental pollution 7 – 10 . Natural fibers like bamboo 11 , jute 12 , oil palm 13 , cotton 14 , and sisal 15 amongst others are ligno-cellulose based materials which are environmentally friendly substitutes over the synthetic (Kevlar, glass and carbon) fibers being used in time past 16 , 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental evaluation of bamboo fiber/particulate coconut shell hybrid PVC composite

Adediran

Akinwande

Balogun

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Bamboo fibers (BF) treated in 1.3 Molar NaOH and particulate coconut shell (PCS) sieved to − 45 µm were incorporated into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix towards improving the properties of PVC composite for ceiling boards and insulating pipes which sags and degrade with time needing improvement in properties. The process was carried out via compression moulding applying 0.2 kPa pressure and carried out at a temperature of 170 °C. Composites developed were grouped according to their composition. Groups A, B, C, and D were infused with 2, 4, 6 and 8 wt% PCS at constant amount, respectively. Each group was intermixed with a varying proportions of BF (0–30 wt% at 5% interval). Tests carried out on the samples produced revealed that the yield strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, modulus of rupture were enhanced with increasing BF proportion from 0 to 30 wt% BF at 2 wt% constant PCS input. Thermal and electrical properties trended downward as the fiber content reduced even as the hardness was enhanced with PCS/BF intermix which was also reflected in the wear loss index. Impact strength was highest on the infix of 4 wt% PCS and 15 wt% BF. Compressive strength was better boasted with increasing fiber and PCS amount but 8 wt% PCS amounted to depreciation in trend. It was generally observed that PCS performed optimally at 2 wt% incorporation while beyond that resulted in lowering of strength. Blending of the two variable inputs; 0–30 wt% BF and 2 wt% PCS presented better enhancement in properties.

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“…Among these commercial fillers, carbon black is the most commonly used filler and the high cost of this petroleum-based material together with the quest for a sustainable environment has led to a search for low-cost and renewable material as fillers in the rubber processing industry. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of organic fillers, especially agricultural and industrial wastes, such as rice husk ash [7][8][9][10][11][12][13], almond shell [12], corn derivatives [14], coconut fiber [15][16][17][18][19], palm kernel husk [20], oil palm ash [21][22][23][24], eggshell powder [23][24][25][26][27][28], oil palm fiber [26], tomato peel [27], soy hulls [29][30][31], cocoa pod husk [32], neem seed [33], cereal straw [34] etc. as reinforcing agents in natural rubber processing due to their low cost and environmental friendliness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Thermodynamic Properties of Natural Rubber Composites Filled With Clay and Corn Cob

Arawande¹,

Orodepo²,

Osungbemiro³

2022

JCSN

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The mechanical properties of materials such as natural rubber composites determine their usefulness as engineering or biological materials. The thermodynamic properties of natural rubber composites filled with clay and corn cob at varying volume fraction of filler were studied with a view of relating and comparing thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) to mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, etc) of natural rubber composites. The rubber composites were prepared using a standard compounding recipe. The tension observed for each rubber composite as a result of changes in temperature was used in evaluating thermodynamic parameters via Arrhenius equation and plot. These properties have been evaluated by measuring the thermodynamic parameters of natural rubber composites compounded with varying percent volume fractions (5% - 25%) of two fillers- clay and corn cob. The results indicated that the maximum values of ΔG and ΔH was obtained for corn cob filled composites at 10% volume fraction, while the optimal values of ΔS for the same composites was found to be at 5% and 25% volume fraction. At lower filler concentration (5 – 17.5%), corn cob filled composites were observed to have higher modulus than clay filled rubber composites, while at these concentration ranges, clay was found to impact higher tensile strength to natural rubber than corn cob filler.

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The Potential of Oil Palm Ash and Eggshell Powder as Hybrid Biofillers in Natural Rubber Biocomposites

Cited by 4 publications

References 13 publications

The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites

The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites

Experimental evaluation of bamboo fiber/particulate coconut shell hybrid PVC composite

Studies on the Thermodynamic Properties of Natural Rubber Composites Filled With Clay and Corn Cob

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