The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites

Sowińska‐Baranowska, Anna; Maciejewska, Magdalena; Duda, Paulina

doi:10.3390/ijms23147968

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…The most homogeneous dispersion of the biofiller and curing system was provided by ILs, especially BmiCl (Figure 8d,e). The beneficial effect of ILs on the dispersion of solid components in the elastomer composites was confirmed in our previous work [29,66,75]. On the other hand, Haddad et al [76] confirmed that eggshells were able to interact with imidazolium ILs, which influenced the crystal structure of eggshells.…”

Section: Dispersion Of Ground Eggshells and Curatives In Nr Compositessupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Silanes, i.e., APTES and TESPTS, increased the onset vulcanization temperature by 15-20 • C compared to 40ES. Moreover, APTES significantly raised the energetic effect of vulcanization compared to rubber compounds with other additives, which proved that it can be used as substance promoting crosslinking reactions [66]. ILs and CTAB did not significantly affect the onset vulcanization temperature and enthalpy of vulcanization compared to 40ES, but it should be noticed that eggshell-filled rubber compounds with these additives exhibited significantly lower onset vulcanization temperature then the unfilled NR.…”

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Dsc) Analysis Of the Cros...mentioning

confidence: 88%

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Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites

Sowińska‐Baranowska

Maciejewska

2023

Materials

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The aim of this work was application of ground eggshells in various amounts by weight as a biofiller for natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (DmiBr), and silanes, i.e., (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) and bis [3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPTS), were used to increase the activity of ground eggshells in the elastomer matrix and to ameliorate the cure characteristics and properties of NR biocomposites. The influence of ground eggshells, CTAB, ILs, and silanes on the crosslink density, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of NR vulcanizates and their resistance to prolonged thermo-oxidation were explored. The amount of eggshells affected the curing characteristics and crosslink density of the rubber composites and therefore their tensile properties. Vulcanizates filled with eggshells demonstrated higher crosslink density than the unfilled sample by approximately 30%, whereas CTAB and ILs increased the crosslink density by 40–60% compared to the benchmark. Owing to the enhanced crosslink density and uniform dispersion of ground eggshells, vulcanizates containing CTAB and ILs exhibited tensile strength improved by approximately 20% compared to those without these additives. Moreover, the hardness of these vulcanizates was increased by 35–42%. Application of both the biofiller and the tested additives did not significantly affect the thermal stability of cured NR compared to the unfilled benchmark. Most importantly, the eggshell-filled vulcanizates showed improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging compared to the unfilled NR.

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Section: Dispersion Of Ground Eggshells and Curatives In Nr Compositessupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Dsc) Analysis Of the Cros...mentioning

confidence: 88%

Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites

Sowińska‐Baranowska

Maciejewska

2023

Materials

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“…2 However, the silane coupling agents can usually be applied by treating the surface of the filler before the incorporation of the filler into the polymer matrix. 3 In addition, the treatment of filler escalates the fabrication costs of polymer composites since extra work is required, which is limited to some functions and products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The application of silane coupling agents can improve the polymer matrix‐filler interfacial adhesion, as well as the mechanical properties of polymer composites 2 . However, the silane coupling agents can usually be applied by treating the surface of the filler before the incorporation of the filler into the polymer matrix 3 . In addition, the treatment of filler escalates the fabrication costs of polymer composites since extra work is required, which is limited to some functions and products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling effect of ionic liquids on the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of polymer composites: A succinct review

Shamsuri,

Md. Jamil,

Abdan

2024

Vietnam Journal of Chemistry

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The growing study of polymer composites has motivated scientists to explore more methodologies to enhance the final demanding properties of polymer composites. Polymer composites have commonly been fabricated using thermosets or thermoplastics with synthetic or natural fillers. Lately, ionic liquids have been applied as coupling agents for polymer composites. In this succinct review, two types of ionic liquids, specifically imidazolium‐ and phosphonium‐based ionic liquids that are applied as coupling agents, are identified. Additionally, the synthesis of ionic liquids with different precursors and reactions is explained. The coupling effect of ionic liquids on the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of polymer composites is also succinctly reviewed. The knowledge shown in this review gives a more transparent comprehension of the fabrication of polymer composites coupled with ionic liquids and the essential properties of polymer composites. In conclusion, most imidazolium‐ and phosphonium‐based ionic liquids can improve several mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of thermoset and thermoplastic composites.

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“…[19][20][21] Particle hybridized short fiber reinforced polymer composites have recently attracted the attention of several researchers. [2,[22][23][24][25][26] The second phase was added as particles to the polymer composite to avoid voids and the interfacial gap between the short fiber and polymer matrix. [27] Additionally, particulate reinforcement also works as secondary reinforcement along with short fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of alkali treated groundnut shell powder in the basalt fiber reinforced polyethylene hybrid composites: A sustainable approach towards green composites

et al. 2023

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With the widespread use of natural polymers in composites, advances in mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical characteristics have become necessary. This study explores, the hybridizing effect of alkali‐treated groundnut shell powder (T‐GSP) to the basalt fiber (BF) reinforced linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) composites in different weight fractions. Twin screw extrusion machines were used to mix fresh LLDPE matrix with various weight fractions of T‐GSP particles (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt%) and 20 wt% of fresh BF. It has been found to be that adding up to 15 wt% of T‐GSP with 20 wt% of fresh basalt fibers in the LLDPE matrix produced better results in the mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties of the hybrid composites. FE‐SEM analysis was performed on the tensile fracture surfaces of the hybrid composites to determine the effect of the T‐GSP particles on the wettability and interfacial adhesion of the fiber and the LLDPE matrix. Likewise, mechanical properties of 15 wt% of T‐GSP with 20 wt% of BF hybrid composite reported an increment of 76.39% and 397.05% in tensile strength and modulus, 230.88% and 324.70% in flexural strength and modulus. Also, a decrement of 14.32% in impact strength of the hybrid composites was reported compared to fresh LLDPE polymer. Shore D hardness testing recorded a 27% increment in hardness, while TGA and DSC reported a reduction in degradation temperature and an increment in crystallization and melting temperature of the fabricated composites. dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) shows an increment in the glass transition temperature of all the composites.

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The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites

Cited by 23 publications

References 89 publications

Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites

Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites

Coupling effect of ionic liquids on the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of polymer composites: A succinct review

Effect of alkali treated groundnut shell powder in the basalt fiber reinforced polyethylene hybrid composites: A sustainable approach towards green composites

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