The origin and development of the venous valves, with particular reference to the saphenous district

Kampmeier, Otto F.; Birch, Carroll L.

doi:10.1002/aja.1000380306

Cited by 69 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Valve development was initiated by endothelial cell reorientation followed by ingrowth to form a circumferential shelf, then development of first one and then a second commissure. Notably, the first anatomical description of venous valve development by Kampmeier in the early 20th century accurately captured the basic morphogenic events (16). The process of valve development described in the present study is also comparable to our previous description of lymphatic valve formation (3), with the exception that we did not previously describe the single commissure stage.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 42%

Genes regulating lymphangiogenesis control venous valve formation and maintenance in mice

et al. 2011

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Chronic venous disease and venous hypertension are common consequences of valve insufficiency, yet the molecular mechanisms regulating the formation and maintenance of venous valves have not been studied. Here, we provide what we believe to be the first description of venous valve morphogenesis and identify signaling pathways required for the process. The initial stages of valve development were found to involve induction of ephrin-B2, a key marker of arterial identity, by venous endothelial cells. Intriguingly, developing and mature venous valves also expressed a repertoire of proteins, including prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1), Vegfr3, and integrin-α9, previously characterized as specific and critical regulators of lymphangiogenesis. Using global and venous valve-selective knockout mice, we further demonstrate the requirement of ephrin-B2 and integrin-α9 signaling for the development and maintenance of venous valves. Our findings therefore identified molecular regulators of venous valve development and maintenance and highlighted the involvement of common morphogenetic processes and signaling pathways in controlling valve formation in veins and lymphatic vessels. Unexpectedly, we found that venous valve endothelial cells closely resemble lymphatic (valve) endothelia at the molecular level, suggesting plasticity in the ability of a terminally differentiated endothelial cell to take on a different phenotypic identity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 42%

Genes regulating lymphangiogenesis control venous valve formation and maintenance in mice

et al. 2011

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“…11,12 As for the valves, the literary data are unreliable and inconsistent, ranking from the avalvular state as far as 40% presence in the right-sided internal iliac vein. 11,14 The same discrepancies are reported concerning the branches of the internal iliac vein as well: Kampmeier considered all tributaries as avalvular; on the contrary, LePage observed the valves at the estuaries of the tributaries in 7.6% and within their course in only 2.5% of cases (valves are present in only 10.1% of all internal iliac veins). 11,14 As for the tributaries, the estuary valves ('ostial valves, terminal valves') were reported in 4.9% and within their course ('parietal valves') in 4.2% of the specimens (total incidence thus being 9.1% of cases).…”

Section: Internal Iliac Vein (Vena Iliaca Interna)supporting

confidence: 39%

The venous system of the pelvis: new nomenclature

Kachlík

Pecháček²,

Musil

et al. 2010

Phlebology

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The clinical venous anatomy of the pelvis and its veins featured a break-through during the past few years. Not only the diagnostic and therapeutical methods but also the knowledge of the functional anatomy and nomenclatures of the veins underwent substantial changes. Eleven years ago, the most recent revision of the Latin anatomical nomenclature, Terminologia Anatomica (TA, 1998) was issued. In 2004, during the 21st World Congress of the International Union of Angiology, a consensus document (under the auspices of Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology and International Federation of Associations of Anatomists), reflecting phlebologists' requests for new terms and replacing several insufficient ones, was accepted. Six new terms were added in both Latin and English languages in the chapter concerning the veins of the pelvis. Eponyms are not considered equal synonyms and moreover only one of them was recommended for general use. Detailed anatomy of the veins of the pelvis is discussed. This consensus document will be incorporated in the next version of the Teminologia Anatomica.

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“…41 How can this small number of valves be explained? As to the fact that there is a study with an even smaller sample size, 40 we can rule out that the number of specimens is the reason. Another possible factor might be the individual age of the specimens, despite previous results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

“…Between 0 and 11 valves develop in fetal SSVs (0-11; 40 5-9 41 ). However, for adults information gains in variability and a range between 4 and 13 valves is supposed to be found (9-12 19 ; Ø 8 1 ; Ø 8.2 7 ; 4-13 5 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

The anatomy of the small saphenous vein: Fascial and neural relations, saphenofemoral junction, and valves

Schweighofer

Mühlberger

Brenner

2010

Journal of Vascular Surgery

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Two fascial points or regions can be described in the SSVs' course and its own saphenous fascia is demonstrated macroscopically in almost all cases. The neural topography is highly individual. The SPJ is highly individual where we found hitherto unclassified patterns in a remarkable number of veins. Venous valves are not as frequent as we supposed them to be. Furthermore, not all most proximal valves seem to be terminal valves.

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The origin and development of the venous valves, with particular reference to the saphenous district

Cited by 69 publications

References 7 publications

Genes regulating lymphangiogenesis control venous valve formation and maintenance in mice

Genes regulating lymphangiogenesis control venous valve formation and maintenance in mice

The venous system of the pelvis: new nomenclature

The anatomy of the small saphenous vein: Fascial and neural relations, saphenofemoral junction, and valves

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