The Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: A factorial analysis of validity and reliability for its use on adult Chinese male weightlifters

Jin, Xinhong; Jin, Yong; Zhou, Shi; Li, Xinhao; Yang, Shun-nan; Yang, Donglin; Nieuwoudt, Johanna Elizabeth; Jia-xin, Yao

doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.004

Cited by 8 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Lower values were identified for the Substance Use subscale. Similar result was obtained by Jin et al (2015) in which the Substance Use subscale achieved an internal consistency (Cronbach's α ranged from .58 to .66). A recent This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Evaluating muscle dysmorphia symptoms: Testing several factor structures of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale among Brazilian men.

Almeida¹,

Hudson²,

Campos³

et al. 2023

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Evaluating muscle dysmorphia symptoms: Testing several factor structures of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale among Brazilian men.

Almeida¹,

Hudson²,

Campos³

et al. 2023

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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“…All recruited participants worked out with free weights or machines at least three times per week. They answered a Chinese version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (CMASS; Jin et al, 2015 ) questionnaire. Their total scores on the CMASS were ranked in descending order.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of the assumed effect size and correlation calculated from a previous study ( Jin et al, 2015 ), 33 participants were recruited from each of the HRMD and LRMD groups for inclusion in the eye-tracking experiment to achieve a statistical power of 80% (see File S1 for more details about the recruiting procedure). One participant did not finish the study, resulting in a total of 65 participants, who ranged in age from 20 to 33 years (mean, 23.66 years; SD, 2.08 years).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The MASS has been adapted to different languages and has been shown effective for assessing symptoms of MD ( Babusa et al, 2012 ; González-Martí et al, 2012 ). The CMASS, which includes five subscales (muscle checking, muscle satisfaction, substance use, injury, and bodybuilding dependence; Jin et al, 2015 ) has been shown to have good construct validity (CFI, 0.931; RMSEA, 0.052) and adequate internal consistency for all five factors (Cronbach α , .636 to .737) in adult Chinese men.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Attentional biases toward body images in males at high risk of muscle dysmorphia

Jin

Zhou

et al. 2018

PeerJ

Self Cite

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ObjectiveAlthough research on muscle dysmorphia (MD), a body dysmorphic disorder subtype, has recently increased, the causes and mechanisms underlying this disorder remain unclear. Results from studies examining disorders associated with body image suggest the involvement of self-schema in biasing attention toward specific body information. The present study examined whether individuals at higher risk of MD also display attentional biases toward specific types of body images.MethodsThe validated Chinese version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale was used to distinguish men at higher and lower risk of MD. Sixty-five adult Chinese men at higher (HRMD, n = 33) and lower risk of MD (LRMD, n = 32) performed a visual probe task. Initially, an image of a bodybuilder with either larger or smaller musculature was presented on one side of a central point, with a neutral image of a car exterior presented on the other side along the horizontal plane for 2,000 ms. The paired images were removed, and a visual target (a dot) was displayed in the location of one of the previously shown images. Participants were asked to indicate the location of the target, and their eye movements were recorded during the entire visual presentation. Participant reaction time and three eye movement measurements (gaze direction, first saccade latency, and first fixation duration) were recorded for use in determining attentional bias.ResultsThe HRMD group revealed biases in orienting and maintaining their attention on images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures. Participants in this group consequently had a shorter reaction time in identifying the target that appeared at the location in which an image of a bodybuilder with a larger musculature had been previously displayed. They also directed their initial gaze more frequently, had shorter saccade latency, and had longer first fixation duration on images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures (all p < .0001). In comparison, the LRMD group had longer reaction times, slower attention orientation toward body images, and shorter fixation duration for images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures (all p < .0001), indicating weaker or mixed responses.DiscussionAdult Chinese men at higher risk of MD displayed biases in orienting and maintaining their visual attention toward images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures, and these biases facilitated their information processing. These results suggest that development of MD may be due in part to attentional biases associated with established negative self-schema of specific body information. These findings provide insight into understanding and identifying the cognitive characteristics of MD in an Asian population.

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“…Most young male adults always crave big arms, broad shoulders, thick chest muscles, rock-hard abdominal muscles, and hope to develop an inverted triangle-shaped body type (Jin et al, 2015a;Sandgren et al, 2019;Blashill et al, 2020). They are, therefore, commonly dissatisfied with their shortfall of muscles, which can result in negative emotions such as worry, anxiety, upset, or behaviors for altering their muscle shape (Greenway and Price, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Muscle Dysmorphia, Social Physique Anxiety, and Body Checking Behavior in Male College Students With Weight Exercise

Zheng

Zhang

Shao³

et al. 2021

Front. Psychol.

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Objectives: To investigate the association between muscle dysmorphia (MD), social physique anxiety, and body-checking behavior in male college students with weight exercise, and to reveal the association between them.Methods: A total of 492 male college students with weight exercise from 18 Fitness Clubs or bodybuilding centers in Chengdu, China, participated in this study.Results: First, the social physique anxiety scores, body checking frequency, and weight exercise behavior (i.e., frequency, time, and intensity) in male college students with MD were significantly higher than those without MD; it indicated that the higher the exercise frequency they had, the longer the exercise time they cost, and the higher exercise intensity carried out, and the higher the social physique anxiety scores tended to be, the higher the frequency of body checking on “global muscles,” “chest and shoulder muscles,” “comparison with others” and “posture measurement” they did. Second, the mediating effect of the social physique anxiety on MD and body checking was established in the “MD → global muscle checking,” “MD → chest and shoulder muscle checking,” “MD → comparison with others,” and “muscle dysmorphia → posture measurement.”Conclusion: Male college students with MD not only have a higher social physique anxiety, but also a higher frequency of body-checking behavior than the ordinary individuals. Social physique anxiety is one of the important mediating factors to those with MD which affects the body-checking behavior.

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The Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: A factorial analysis of validity and reliability for its use on adult Chinese male weightlifters

Cited by 8 publications

References 27 publications

Evaluating muscle dysmorphia symptoms: Testing several factor structures of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale among Brazilian men.

Evaluating muscle dysmorphia symptoms: Testing several factor structures of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale among Brazilian men.

Attentional biases toward body images in males at high risk of muscle dysmorphia

The Association of Muscle Dysmorphia, Social Physique Anxiety, and Body Checking Behavior in Male College Students With Weight Exercise

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