The multi-residue determination of coumarin-based anti-coagulant rodenticides in animal materials by high-performance liquid chromatography

Superwarfarins

“…An early, interesting approach was to use a post-column pH shift to enhance fluorescence detection (Hunter, 1983(Hunter, , 1985. Several earlier HPLC methods have also been reported (AOAC, 1976a,b;Mundy and Machin, 1982;Hunter, 1983): diphacinone (Bullard et al, 1975(Bullard et al, , 1976, fluorescence for bromadiolone (Deepa and Mishra, 2005), brodifacoum (Fu et al, 2006), brodifacoum in tissues (Hoogenboom and Rammell, 1983), difenacoum (Hadler and Shadbolt, 1975), determination of Rozol in parafinized formulations (Kawano and Chang, 1980), and bromadiolone in tissues (Nahas, 1986).…”

Luminescence methods in pesticide analysis. Applications to the environment

“…Therefore, the fluorescence properties of anticoagulant rodenticides including indanediones [19][20][21] and coumarins [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], carbamate insecticides such as aminocarb [30], bendiocarb [19,21,31], benomyl [31,32], carbaryl [31,[33][34][35][36] and carbofuran [35,36], and some organophosphorus insecticides, including coumaphos [31] and pirimiphos-methyl [19,21], and other classes of pesticides [31] have been investigated. For example, Krause [31] has selected 75 pesticides, metabolites and a number of industrial chemicals for HPLC studies, based on their known fluorescence or on chemical structures indicating possible fluorescence.…”

“…Herbicides [37][38][39], and fungicides [40][41][42][43] have been also analysed by direct fluorimetry. In most cases, the pesticide fluorimetric detection has been performed on solid substrates by thin layer chromatography (TLC) [32,44] or in combination with dynamic systems including HPLC [20,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][33][34][35][36][37][40][41][42][45][46][47][48] and flow injection analysis (FIA) [21,43]. For instance Garcia and Aaron [43] applied FIA with spectrofluorimetric detection for determining fungicides such as thiabendazole and fuberidazole at the ng ml -1 level in river waters (Fig.…”

“…Several types of HPLC systems with fluorescence detection have been reported for the determination of pesticides. For instance, normal phase HPLC, reversed phase HPLC and ionic HPLC provided LOD values in the 2-20 ng ml -1 for the same series of rodenticides [20,23,24,27,31]. In other HPLC applications, fluorimetric detectors have been connected in series with UV or electrochemical detectors [37,40,48].…”

HPLC Determination of Anticoagulant Rodenticide Residues in Animal Livers

“…A number of HPLC methods have been described for the determination of individual coumarin-based anticoagulants in biological materials including methods for warfarin (Mundy et al 1976, Lee et al 1981, de Vries et al 1993, difenacoum (Mundy et al 1977, Kelly et al 1993) and brodifacoum (Koubek et al 1979, Kieboom et al 1981, Hogenboom et al 1983). Multiresidue methods have also been described: Mundy and Machin (1982) used HPLC to determine four coumarin anticoagulants, but difenacoum, brodifacoum and coumatetralyl were not resolved and had to be identified by further HPLC analysis of the fractions from the column. Reynolds (1980) determined six coumarin anticoagulants in baits and stomach contents using HPLC, but the method was not sufficiently sensitive for sub-ppm determination.…”