The Local Antinociceptive and Topical Anti‐inflammatory Effects of Propyl Gallate in Rodents

McDonald-Gibson, Wendy J.; Saeed, Sheikh A.; Schneider, C

doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1976.tb08626.x

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Nugterin et al (1966) were first to demonstrate that high concentrations of Propyl Gallate inhibited prostaglandin synthesis in sheep seminal vesicles. McDonald-Gibson et al (1976) confirmed these findings (50% inhibitory concentration of 103 μM) using bull seminal vesicles in vitro. Panganamala et al (1977) reported that Propyl Gallate, at concentrations of 4 × 10 −4 M, inhibited the formation of prostaglandin from eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid by bovine seminal vesicle microsomes.…”

Section: Effects On Prostaglandins/anti-inflammatory Effectssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The activity of Propyl Gallate in infiltration anesthesia was potentiated by epinephrine (Modak and Rao 1971). McDonald-Gibson et al (1976) studied the effect of Propyl Gallate on arachidonic acid (AA)-induced abdominal contractions in mice. Treatment consisted of intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection, or oral ingestion of an AA-Propyl Gallate mixture, Propyl Gallate then AA, AA then Propyl Gallate, or AA and Propyl Gallate simultaneously.…”

Section: Neurological/neuromuscular Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Final Report on the Amended Safety Assessment of Propyl Gallate1

2007

Int J Toxicol

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Propyl Gallate is the n-propyl ester of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid). It is soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, oil, lard, and aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of cetyl alcohol, but only slightly soluble in water. Propyl Gallate currently is used as an antioxidant in a reported 167 cosmetic products at maximum concentrations of 0.1%. Propyl Gallate is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) antioxidant to protect fats, oils, and fat-containing food from rancidity that results from the formation of peroxides. Data on dermal absorption are not available, but Propyl Gallate is absorbed when ingested, then methylated, conjugated, and excreted in the urine. The biological activity of Propyl Gallate is consistent with its free-radical scavenging ability, with effects that include antimicrobial activity, enzyme inhibition, inhibition of biosynthetic processes, inhibition of the formation of nitrosamines, anesthesia, inhibition of neuromuscular response to chemicals, ionizing/ultraviolet (UV) radiation protection, chemoprotection, antimutagenesis, anticarcinogenesis and antitumorigenesis, antiteratogenesis, and anticariogenesis. Animal toxicity studies indicate that Propyl Gallate was slightly toxic when ingested, but no systemic effects were noted with dermal application. Propyl Gallate is a strong sensitizer when tested intradermally, less sensitizing when tested topically, and nonsensitizing topically at 0.1% in one study. In a second study, Propyl Gallate (15 mg dissolved in 8 ml vehicle) was sensitizing to guinea pigs. Acute eye irritation tests conducted on nine cosmetic formulations, each containing less than 1% Propyl Gallate, were negative. A phototoxicity study conducted on a cosmetic formulation containing 0.003% Propyl Gallate determined that the product was not phototoxic to guinea pigs. In one study, female rats fed 0.5 g Propyl Gallate had substantially increased fetal resorption rates when compared to controls, but in four other studies, Propyl Gallate at doses up to 2.04 g/kg was nonteratogenic in rats, rabbits, mice, and hamsters. In clinical cumulative irritancy tests, Propyl Gallate was nonirritating at concentrations up to 10%. Patch tests at concentrations less than 1% yielded positive elicitation responses. Repeat-insult patch tests using cosmetic formulations with 0.003% Propyl Gallate produced no irritation or sensitization. Propyl Gallate at a concentration of 10% in alcohol was nonphototoxic in 25 subjects. Cosmetic formulations, each containing 0.003% Propyl Gallate, produced no signs of photosensitization or phototoxicity in a total of 371 subjects. Although Propyl Gallate is not a skin irritant in clinical tests, the available data demonstrate that it is a skin sensitizer and that it may be a sensitizer at lower concentrations than originally thought, i.e., at concentrations less than 1%. In actual practice, cosmetic formulations contain Propyl Gallate at concentrations up to 0.1% and usage has increased over the past 20 years. In spite of the increased exposure...

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Section: Effects On Prostaglandins/anti-inflammatory Effectssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Neurological/neuromuscular Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report on the Amended Safety Assessment of Propyl Gallate1

2007

Int J Toxicol

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“…Recently, the antiinflammatory activity of n-propyl gallate was assessed in experimental animal models (Jung et al, 2010). It was also reported that n-propyl gallate contained topical antiinflammatory activity in a mouse ear edema test (McDonald-Gibson et al, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antiangiogenic and Antinociceptive Activities of n‐Propyl Gallate

Jung

2011

Phytotherapy Research

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n-Propyl gallate dose-dependently displayed an inhibitory effect on chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis. It markedly increased the endostatin level in both isolated CAM tissues and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). n-Propyl gallate was also able to enhance the endostatin mRNA level in HUVECs. Antinociceptive activity of n-propyl gallate was assessed using an acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. In brief, n-propyl gallate possesses antiangiogenic activity via up-regulation of endostatin.

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“…Compared to estradiol, n-propyl gallate appeared to be relatively more estrogenic in the estrogen receptor-β cells than in the estrogen receptor-α cells [9]. Although anti-inflammatory activity of n-propyl gallate was preliminarily proposed [10], it has not been documented in detail. In this work, it is further demonstrated that n-propyl gallate shows antiinflammatory activity via down-regulation of nitric oxide (NO) and ROS levels.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-inflammatory Activity of n-Propyl Gallate Through Down-regulation of NF-κB and JNK Pathways

et al. 2010

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The present study aimed to assess anti-inflammatory activity and underlying mechanism of n-propyl gallate, the n-propyl ester of gallic acid. n-Propyl gallate was shown to contain anti-inflammatory activity using two experimental animal models, acetic acid-induced permeability model in mice, and air pouch model in rats. It suppressed production of nitric oxide and induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It was able to diminish reactive oxygen species level elevated in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It also suppressed gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 enhanced in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It inhibited inhibitory κB-α degradation and enhanced NF-κB promoter activity in the stimulated macrophage cells. It was able to suppress phosphorylation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) and activation of c-Jun promoter activity in the stimulated macrophage cells. In brief, n-propyl gallate possesses anti-inflammatory activity via down-regulation of NF-κB and JNK pathways.

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The Local Antinociceptive and Topical Anti‐inflammatory Effects of Propyl Gallate in Rodents

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

Final Report on the Amended Safety Assessment of Propyl Gallate1

Final Report on the Amended Safety Assessment of Propyl Gallate1

The Antiangiogenic and Antinociceptive Activities of n‐Propyl Gallate

Anti-inflammatory Activity of n-Propyl Gallate Through Down-regulation of NF-κB and JNK Pathways

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