For patients in late adolescence, bone-borne expanders produced greater orthopedic effects and fewer dentoalveolar side effects compared to the hyrax expanders.

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for help with the experiments. Reviewer information Nature thanks Hua Zhang and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Massively parallel sequencing technologies have identified a broad spectrum of human genome diversity. Here we deep sequenced and correlated 18 genomes and 17 transcriptomes of unrelated Korean individuals. This has allowed us to construct a genome-wide map of common and rare variants and also identify variants formed during DNA-RNA transcription. We identified 9.56 million genomic variants, 23.2% of which appear to be previously unidentified. From transcriptome sequencing, we discovered 4,414 transcripts not previously annotated. Finally, we revealed 1,809 sites of transcriptional base modification, where the transcriptional landscape is different from the corresponding genomic sequences, and 580 sites of allele-specific expression. Our findings suggest that a considerable number of unexplored genomic variants still remain to be identified in the human genome, and that the integrated analysis of genome and transcriptome sequencing is powerful for understanding the diversity and functional aspects of human genomic variants.

BackgroundLong-term maintenance of avian primordial germ cells (PGCs) in vitro has tremendous potential because it can be used to deepen our understanding of the biology of PGCs. A transgenic bioreactor based on the unique migration of PGCs toward the recipients' sex cord via the bloodstream and thereby creating a germline chimeric bird has many potential applications. However, the growth factors and the signaling pathway essential for inducing proliferation of chicken PGCs are unknown.Methodology/Principal FindingsTherefore, we conducted this study to investigate the effects of various combinations of growth factors on the survival and proliferation of PGCs under feeder-free conditions. We observed proliferation of PGCs in media containing bFGF. Subsequent characterization confirmed that the cultured PGCs maintained expression of PGC-specific markers, telomerase activity, normal migrational activity, and germline transmission. We also found that bFGF activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular-signal regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) signaling. Also, the expression of 133 transcripts was reversibly altered by bFGF withdrawal.Conclusions/SignificanceOur results demonstrate that chicken PGCs can be maintained in vitro without any differentiation or dedifferentiation in feeder free culture conditions, and subsequent analysis revealed that bFGF is one of the key factors that enable proliferation of chicken PGCs via MEK/ERK signaling regulating downstream genes that may be important for PGC proliferation and survival.

Objective: To investigate the biologic effects of Corticision on alveolar remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement. Materials and Methods: In this study, 16 cats were divided into 3 groups: group A, only orthodontic force (control); group B, orthodontic force plus Corticision; and group C, orthodontic force plus Corticision and periodic mobilization. Histologic and histomorphometric studies were performed on tissue specimens on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Results: Extensive direct resorption of bundle bone with less hyalinization and more rapid removal of hyalinized tissue were observed in group B. The accumulated mean apposition area of new bone on day 28 was observed to be 3.5-fold higher in group B than in the control group A. Conclusions: Corticision might be an efficient procedure for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement accompanied with alveolar bone remodeling. (Angle Orthod. 2009;79:284-291.)

constitutes an untapped resource. [5][6][7] In addition, tailoring molecules by adding redox-active functional groups can modulate both redox potentials and electrontransfer rates. [8,9] Thus, the vast array of organic molecules can construct a new class of electrodes, [10,11] if the main problems, such as excessive solubility, poor electronic conductivity, and vulnerability to chemical side reactions, can be solved. [5][6][7][8][9] A promising answer to these problems is the integration of small molecules into a crystalline network scaffold. [12,13] Covalent organic frameworks (COF) are well suited to form stable molecular crystals [14,15] ; Integration of organic building blocks via strong covalent bonds creates 2D structures, which are layered upon one another and held in place by π-π interactions. The resulting 3D structures inhibit the dissolution of the organic layers. Moreover, periodic mesopores are formed across the entire structure, providing effective ion-transport channels. [16][17][18] Typically, COF electrodes comprise redox functionality and linkage molecules, where the latter is responsible for the shape, mesopore size, π-conjugation, and stability of the COF. [13,19] Heteroatom-containing molecular linkers have been widely utilized to improve the wettability of COFs in electrolyte solutions. [20][21][22][23] β-Ketoenamine-linked COFs have been extensively used for capacitor and battery electrodes, and solid-state electrolytes. [24][25][26] However, a β-ketoenamine unit typically forms a nonconjugated in-plane structure of the COF, [26,27] the effect of which during electrochemical conditions has not yet been studied in depth. Imine linkage comprises partial π-conjugation over the 2D COF layer. [28,29] However, chemical instability of imine has been widely known, for example, hydrolysis in an acidic solution. [30] Therefore, the role of imine linkage remains to be explored in the nonaqueous solution-based electrochemical cells. Thiazole linkage has been recently developed to satisfy both chemical stability and the π-conjugated system. [31][32][33] Sulfur-containing thiazole, thiophene, and tetrathiafulvalene are a new class of moieties embedded into COFs and show excellent charge mobility and conductivity. [34][35][36][37] Thus, they have extended the applications of COFs to molecular electronics, and energy conversion and storage electrodes. [38][39][40][41][42][43] However, there is still a lack of study that proves true chemical and electrochemical stability of thiazole-linked COF under the battery operating conditions.Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been considered a potentially versatile electrode structure if they are made highly conductive and flexible to stabilize the redox functionality. Although conceptually plausible, COF-based electrodes have rarely satisfied high capacity, cyclability, and rate capability thus far. Incorporating thiazole moieties into the organic scaffold, it is able to fabricate π-conjugated and crystalline organic electrodes and demonstrate the fast two-elec...